fix: wip

apps/remix/app/components/general/direct-template/direct-template-signing-form.tsx

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 import type { TTemplate } from '@documenso/lib/types/template';
 import { isFieldUnsignedAndRequired } from '@documenso/lib/utils/advanced-fields-helpers';
 import { sortFieldsByPosition, validateFieldsInserted } from '@documenso/lib/utils/fields';
+import { getNextDictatableRecipient } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipient-groups';
 import type {
   TRemovedSignedFieldWithTokenMutationSchema,
   TSignFieldWithTokenMutationSchema,
@@ -223,27 +224,12 @@ export const DirectTemplateSigningForm = ({
       return undefined;
     }
 
-    const sortedRecipients = template.recipients.sort((a, b) => {
+    const dictatableRecipients = getNextDictatableRecipient({
-      // Sort by signingOrder first (nulls last), then by id
+      recipients: template.recipients,
-      if (a.signingOrder === null && b.signingOrder === null) {
+      currentRecipientId: directRecipient.id,
-        return a.id - b.id;
-      }
-      if (a.signingOrder === null) {
-        return 1;
-      }
-      if (b.signingOrder === null) {
-        return -1;
-      }
-      if (a.signingOrder === b.signingOrder) {
-        return a.id - b.id;
-      }
-      return a.signingOrder - b.signingOrder;
     });
 
-    const currentIndex = sortedRecipients.findIndex((r) => r.id === directRecipient.id);
+    return dictatableRecipients ?? undefined;
-    return currentIndex !== -1 && currentIndex < sortedRecipients.length - 1
-      ? sortedRecipients[currentIndex + 1]
-      : undefined;
   }, [template.templateMeta?.signingOrder, template.recipients, directRecipient.id]);
 
   return (

apps/remix/app/components/general/document-signing/document-signing-complete-dialog.tsx

@@ -100,8 +100,10 @@ export const DocumentSigningCompleteDialog = ({
 
   const { isNameLocked, isEmailLocked } = useEmbedSigningContext() || {};
 
+  const canDictateNextSigner = allowDictateNextSigner && Boolean(defaultNextSigner);
+
   const form = useForm<TNextSignerFormSchema>({
-    resolver: allowDictateNextSigner ? zodResolver(ZNextSignerFormSchema) : undefined,
+    resolver: canDictateNextSigner ? zodResolver(ZNextSignerFormSchema) : undefined,
     defaultValues: {
       name: defaultNextSigner?.name ?? '',
       email: defaultNextSigner?.email ?? '',
@@ -317,7 +319,7 @@ export const DocumentSigningCompleteDialog = ({
 
             <Form {...form}>
               <form onSubmit={form.handleSubmit(onFormSubmit)}>
-                {allowDictateNextSigner && defaultNextSigner && (
+                {canDictateNextSigner && (
                   <div className="mb-4 flex flex-col gap-4">
                     <div className="flex flex-col gap-4 md:flex-row">
                       <FormField

apps/remix/app/components/general/document-signing/document-signing-form.tsx

@@ -39,7 +39,11 @@ export type DocumentSigningFormProps = {
   }) => Promise<void>;
   isSubmitting: boolean;
   fieldsValidated: () => void;
-  nextRecipient?: RecipientWithFields;
+  /**
+   * The dictatable next recipient, decided server-side. Only their identity
+   * is needed — for the dictation flag and the prefilled inputs.
+   */
+  nextRecipient?: Pick<Recipient, 'name' | 'email'>;
 };
 
 export const DocumentSigningForm = ({
@@ -84,6 +88,13 @@ export const DocumentSigningForm = ({
     return fieldsRequiringValidation.filter((field) => field.recipientId === recipient.id);
   }, [fieldsRequiringValidation, recipient]);
 
+  // Single-sourced for every role branch: dictation is only offered when a
+  // dictatable next recipient exists — a branch missing the `nextRecipient`
+  // guard used to silently block viewers from completing.
+  const allowDictateNextSigner = Boolean(nextRecipient && document.documentMeta?.allowDictateNextSigner);
+
+  const defaultNextSigner = nextRecipient ? { name: nextRecipient.name, email: nextRecipient.email } : undefined;
+
   const localFieldsValidated = () => {
     setValidateUninsertedFields(true);
     fieldsValidated();
@@ -151,10 +162,8 @@ export const DocumentSigningForm = ({
                     completeDocument({ nextSigner, accessAuthOptions })
                   }
                   recipient={recipient}
-                  allowDictateNextSigner={document.documentMeta?.allowDictateNextSigner}
+                  allowDictateNextSigner={allowDictateNextSigner}
-                  defaultNextSigner={
+                  defaultNextSigner={defaultNextSigner}
-                    nextRecipient ? { name: nextRecipient.name, email: nextRecipient.email } : undefined
-                  }
                 />
               </div>
             </div>
@@ -223,8 +232,8 @@ export const DocumentSigningForm = ({
                 onClose={() => !isAssistantSubmitting && setIsConfirmationDialogOpen(false)}
                 onConfirm={handleAssistantConfirmDialogSubmit}
                 isSubmitting={isAssistantSubmitting}
-                allowDictateNextSigner={nextRecipient && document.documentMeta?.allowDictateNextSigner}
+                allowDictateNextSigner={allowDictateNextSigner}
-                defaultNextSigner={nextRecipient ? { name: nextRecipient.name, email: nextRecipient.email } : undefined}
+                defaultNextSigner={defaultNextSigner}
               />
             </form>
           ) : (
@@ -291,10 +300,8 @@ export const DocumentSigningForm = ({
                     })
                   }
                   recipient={recipient}
-                  allowDictateNextSigner={nextRecipient && document.documentMeta?.allowDictateNextSigner}
+                  allowDictateNextSigner={allowDictateNextSigner}
-                  defaultNextSigner={
+                  defaultNextSigner={defaultNextSigner}
-                    nextRecipient ? { name: nextRecipient.name, email: nextRecipient.email } : undefined
-                  }
                 />
               </div>
             </>

apps/remix/app/components/general/document-signing/document-signing-page-view-v1.tsx

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ import { Button } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/button';
 import { Card, CardContent } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/card';
 import { ElementVisible } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/element-visible';
 import { Trans } from '@lingui/react/macro';
-import type { Field } from '@prisma/client';
+import type { Field, Recipient } from '@prisma/client';
 import { FieldType, RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
 import { LucideChevronDown, LucideChevronUp } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useMemo, useState } from 'react';
@@ -61,6 +61,12 @@ export type DocumentSigningPageViewV1Props = {
   completedFields: CompletedField[];
   isRecipientsTurn: boolean;
   allRecipients?: RecipientWithFields[];
+  /**
+   * The dictatable next recipient, computed server-side over the FULL
+   * recipient list — must not be re-derived from the role-scoped
+   * `allRecipients`.
+   */
+  nextRecipient?: Pick<Recipient, 'name' | 'email'>;
   branding: DocumentSigningBranding;
   includeSenderDetails: boolean;
 };
@@ -72,6 +78,7 @@ export const DocumentSigningPageViewV1 = ({
   completedFields,
   isRecipientsTurn,
   allRecipients = [],
+  nextRecipient,
   includeSenderDetails,
   branding,
 }: DocumentSigningPageViewV1Props) => {
@@ -142,34 +149,6 @@ export const DocumentSigningPageViewV1 = ({
   const selectedSigner = allRecipients?.find((r) => r.id === selectedSignerId);
   const targetSigner = recipient.role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT && selectedSigner ? selectedSigner : null;
 
-  const nextRecipient = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!documentMeta?.signingOrder || documentMeta.signingOrder !== 'SEQUENTIAL') {
-      return undefined;
-    }
-
-    const sortedRecipients = [...allRecipients].sort((a, b) => {
-      // Sort by signingOrder first (nulls last), then by id
-      if (a.signingOrder === null && b.signingOrder === null) {
-        return a.id - b.id;
-      }
-      if (a.signingOrder === null) {
-        return 1;
-      }
-      if (b.signingOrder === null) {
-        return -1;
-      }
-      if (a.signingOrder === b.signingOrder) {
-        return a.id - b.id;
-      }
-      return a.signingOrder - b.signingOrder;
-    });
-
-    const currentIndex = sortedRecipients.findIndex((r) => r.id === recipient.id);
-    return currentIndex !== -1 && currentIndex < sortedRecipients.length - 1
-      ? sortedRecipients[currentIndex + 1]
-      : undefined;
-  }, [document.documentMeta?.signingOrder, allRecipients, recipient.id]);
-
   const pendingFields = fieldsRequiringValidation.filter((field) => !field.inserted);
   const hasPendingFields = pendingFields.length > 0;
 

apps/remix/app/components/general/document-signing/envelope-signing-provider.tsx

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type { EnvelopeForSigningResponse } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/enve
 import type { TRecipientActionAuth } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-auth';
 import { isFieldUnsignedAndRequired, isRequiredField } from '@documenso/lib/utils/advanced-fields-helpers';
 import { extractFieldInsertionValues } from '@documenso/lib/utils/envelope-signing';
+import { getNextDictatableRecipient } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipient-groups';
 import { trpc } from '@documenso/trpc/react';
 import type { TSignEnvelopeFieldValue } from '@documenso/trpc/server/envelope-router/sign-envelope-field.types';
 import { EnvelopeType, type Field, FieldType, type Recipient, RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
@@ -290,32 +291,14 @@ export const EnvelopeSigningProvider = ({
     .filter((field) => field.inserted);
 
   const nextRecipient = useMemo(() => {
-    if (!envelope.documentMeta.signingOrder || envelope.documentMeta.signingOrder !== 'SEQUENTIAL') {
+    if (envelope.documentMeta.signingOrder !== 'SEQUENTIAL') {
       return null;
     }
 
-    const sortedRecipients = [...envelope.recipients].sort((a, b) => {
+    return getNextDictatableRecipient({
-      // Sort by signingOrder first (nulls last), then by id
+      recipients: envelope.recipients,
-      if (a.signingOrder === null && b.signingOrder === null) {
+      currentRecipientId: recipient.id,
-        return a.id - b.id;
-      }
-      if (a.signingOrder === null) {
-        return 1;
-      }
-      if (b.signingOrder === null) {
-        return -1;
-      }
-      if (a.signingOrder === b.signingOrder) {
-        return a.id - b.id;
-      }
-      return a.signingOrder - b.signingOrder;
     });
-
-    const currentIndex = sortedRecipients.findIndex((r) => r.id === recipient.id);
-
-    return currentIndex !== -1 && currentIndex < sortedRecipients.length - 1
-      ? sortedRecipients[currentIndex + 1]
-      : null;
   }, [envelope.documentMeta?.signingOrder, envelope.recipients, recipient.id]);
 
   const signField = async (

apps/remix/app/components/general/envelope-editor/envelope-editor-recipient-form.tsx

@@ -1,42 +1,30 @@
 import { useLimits } from '@documenso/ee/server-only/limits/provider/client';
-import { useDebouncedValue } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/hooks/use-debounced-value';
+import {
-import { ZEditorRecipientsFormSchema } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/hooks/use-editor-recipients';
+  updateEditorSigners,
+  ZEditorRecipientsFormSchema,
+} from '@documenso/lib/client-only/hooks/use-editor-recipients';
 import { useCurrentEnvelopeEditor } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/providers/envelope-editor-provider';
 import { useCurrentOrganisation } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/providers/organisation';
 import { useOptionalSession } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/providers/session';
 import type { TDetectedRecipientSchema } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/ai/envelope/detect-recipients/schema';
 import { ZRecipientAuthOptionsSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-auth';
 import { nanoid } from '@documenso/lib/universal/id';
-import {
+import { groupRecipientsBySigningOrder, normalizeGroupedSigningOrders } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipient-groups';
-  isAssistantLastSigner,
+import { canEditorRecipientBeModified } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipients';
-  isCcRecipient,
-  normalizeRecipientSigningOrders,
-  canRecipientBeModified as utilCanRecipientBeModified,
-} from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipients';
-import { trpc } from '@documenso/trpc/react';
-import { RecipientActionAuthSelect } from '@documenso/ui/components/recipient/recipient-action-auth-select';
-import {
-  RecipientAutoCompleteInput,
-  type RecipientAutoCompleteOption,
-} from '@documenso/ui/components/recipient/recipient-autocomplete-input';
-import { RecipientRoleSelect } from '@documenso/ui/components/recipient/recipient-role-select';
 import { cn } from '@documenso/ui/lib/utils';
 import { Alert, AlertDescription } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/alert';
 import { Button } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/button';
 import { Card, CardContent, CardDescription, CardHeader, CardTitle } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/card';
 import { Checkbox } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/checkbox';
 import { SigningOrderConfirmation } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/document-flow/signing-order-confirmation';
-import { Form, FormControl, FormField, FormItem, FormLabel, FormMessage } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/form/form';
+import { Form, FormControl, FormField, FormItem, FormLabel } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/form/form';
 import { FormErrorMessage } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/form/form-error-message';
-import { Input } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/input';
 import { Tooltip, TooltipContent, TooltipTrigger } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/tooltip';
 import { useToast } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/use-toast';
-import { DragDropContext, Draggable, Droppable, type DropResult, type SensorAPI } from '@hello-pangea/dnd';
 import { plural } from '@lingui/core/macro';
-import { Trans, useLingui } from '@lingui/react/macro';
+import { Trans } from '@lingui/react/macro';
-import { DocumentSigningOrder, EnvelopeType, RecipientRole, SendStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, RecipientRole, SendStatus } from '@prisma/client';
-import { motion } from 'framer-motion';
+import { HelpCircleIcon, PlusIcon, SparklesIcon } from 'lucide-react';
-import { GripVerticalIcon, HelpCircleIcon, PlusIcon, SparklesIcon, TrashIcon } from 'lucide-react';
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
 import { useFieldArray, useWatch } from 'react-hook-form';
 import { useRevalidator, useSearchParams } from 'react-router';
@@ -46,6 +34,8 @@ import { AiFeaturesEnableDialog } from '~/components/dialogs/ai-features-enable-
 import { AiRecipientDetectionDialog } from '~/components/dialogs/ai-recipient-detection-dialog';
 import { useCurrentTeam } from '~/providers/team';
 
+import { RecipientStepList } from './recipient-step-list';
+
 export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
   const { envelope, setRecipientsDebounced, updateEnvelope, editorRecipients, isEmbedded, editorConfig } =
     useCurrentEnvelopeEditor();
@@ -53,7 +43,6 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
   const organisation = useCurrentOrganisation();
   const team = useCurrentTeam();
 
-  const { t } = useLingui();
   const { toast } = useToast();
   const { remaining } = useLimits();
   const { sessionData } = useOptionalSession();
@@ -61,7 +50,6 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
   const user = sessionData?.user;
 
   const [searchParams, setSearchParams] = useSearchParams();
-  const [recipientSearchQuery, setRecipientSearchQuery] = useState('');
   const [isAiEnableDialogOpen, setIsAiEnableDialogOpen] = useState(false);
 
   // AI recipient detection dialog state
@@ -107,23 +95,8 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
     });
   };
 
-  const debouncedRecipientSearchQuery = useDebouncedValue(recipientSearchQuery, 500);
-
-  const $sensorApi = useRef<SensorAPI | null>(null);
   const isFirstRender = useRef(true);
-  const { recipients, fields } = envelope;
+  const { recipients } = envelope;
-
-  const { data: recipientSuggestionsData, isLoading } = trpc.recipient.suggestions.find.useQuery(
-    {
-      query: debouncedRecipientSearchQuery,
-    },
-    {
-      enabled: debouncedRecipientSearchQuery.length > 1 && !isEmbedded,
-      retry: false,
-    },
-  );
-
-  const recipientSuggestions = recipientSuggestionsData?.results || [];
 
   const { form } = editorRecipients;
 
@@ -161,17 +134,20 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
   }, [watchedSigners]);
 
   const normalizeSigningOrders = (signers: typeof watchedSigners) => {
-    return normalizeRecipientSigningOrders(signers, (signer) => canRecipientBeModified(signer.id));
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(signers, (signer) => canRecipientBeModified(signer.id));
   };
 
-  const activeRecipientCount = watchedSigners.filter((signer) => !isCcRecipient(signer)).length;
+  // Keep a mounted field array for `signers` so react-hook-form reconciles
-
+  // whole-array `setValue` calls atomically. Without it, reordering the array
-  const { fields: signers, remove: removeSigner } = useFieldArray({
+  // leaves stale partial entries in watched values (missing email/name/role),
+  // which breaks validation and the autosave sync.
+  useFieldArray({
     control,
     name: 'signers',
-    keyName: 'nativeId',
   });
 
+  const stepCount = useMemo(() => groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(watchedSigners).steps.length, [watchedSigners]);
+
   const emptySignerIndex = watchedSigners.findIndex(
     (signer) =>
       !signer.name && !signer.email && envelope.fields.filter((field) => field.recipientId === signer.id).length === 0,
@@ -183,39 +159,22 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
 
   const hasCurrentEditorInfo = Boolean(currentEditorEmail || currentEditorName);
 
+  // Note: Watched signer entries can be transiently partial while react-hook-form
+  // re-registers reordered array fields, so guard optional access here.
   const isUserAlreadyARecipient = watchedSigners.some(
-    (signer) => signer.email.toLowerCase() === currentEditorEmail?.toLowerCase(),
+    (signer) => Boolean(currentEditorEmail) && signer.email?.toLowerCase() === currentEditorEmail?.toLowerCase(),
   );
 
   const hasDocumentBeenSent = recipients.some(
     (recipient) => recipient.role !== RecipientRole.CC && recipient.sendStatus === SendStatus.SENT,
   );
 
-  const canRecipientBeModified = (recipientId?: number) => {
+  const canRecipientBeModified = (recipientId?: number) => canEditorRecipientBeModified(envelope, recipientId);
-    if (envelope.type === EnvelopeType.TEMPLATE) {
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    if (recipientId === undefined) {
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    const recipient = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.id === recipientId);
-
-    if (!recipient) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    return utilCanRecipientBeModified(recipient, fields);
-  };
 
   const appendNormalizedSigner = (signer: (typeof watchedSigners)[number], shouldFocus = false) => {
     const updatedSigners = normalizeSigningOrders([...form.getValues('signers'), signer]);
 
-    form.setValue('signers', updatedSigners, {
+    updateEditorSigners(form, updatedSigners);
-      shouldValidate: true,
-      shouldDirty: true,
-    });
 
     if (shouldFocus) {
       const signerIndex = updatedSigners.findIndex((updatedSigner) => updatedSigner.formId === signer.formId);
@@ -233,7 +192,7 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
       email: '',
       role: RecipientRole.SIGNER,
       actionAuth: [],
-      signingOrder: activeRecipientCount + 1,
+      signingOrder: stepCount + 1,
     });
   };
 
@@ -245,8 +204,8 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
 
     // If the only signer is the default empty signer lets just replace it with the detected recipients
     if (currentSigners.length === 1 && !currentSigners[0].name && !currentSigners[0].email) {
-      form.setValue(
+      updateEditorSigners(
-        'signers',
+        form,
         detectedRecipients.map((recipient, index) => ({
           formId: nanoid(12),
           name: recipient.name,
@@ -255,10 +214,6 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
           actionAuth: [],
           signingOrder: index + 1,
         })),
-        {
-          shouldValidate: true,
-          shouldDirty: true,
-        },
       );
 
       return;
@@ -285,10 +240,7 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
       nextSigningOrder += 1;
     }
 
-    form.setValue('signers', normalizeSigningOrders(currentSigners), {
+    updateEditorSigners(form, normalizeSigningOrders(currentSigners));
-      shouldValidate: true,
-      shouldDirty: true,
-    });
 
     toast({
       title: plural(detectedRecipients.length, {
@@ -302,32 +254,6 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
     });
   };
 
-  const onRemoveSigner = (index: number) => {
-    const signer = signers[index];
-
-    if (!canRecipientBeModified(signer.id)) {
-      toast({
-        title: t`Cannot remove signer`,
-        description: t`This signer has already signed the document.`,
-        variant: 'destructive',
-      });
-
-      return;
-    }
-
-    const formStateIndex = form.getValues('signers').findIndex((s) => s.formId === signer.formId);
-    if (formStateIndex !== -1) {
-      removeSigner(formStateIndex);
-
-      const updatedSigners = form.getValues('signers').filter((s) => s.formId !== signer.formId);
-
-      form.setValue('signers', normalizeSigningOrders(updatedSigners), {
-        shouldValidate: true,
-        shouldDirty: true,
-      });
-    }
-  };
-
   const onAddSelfSigner = () => {
     if (emptySignerIndex !== -1) {
       setValue(`signers.${emptySignerIndex}.name`, currentEditorName ?? '', {
@@ -348,7 +274,7 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
           email: currentEditorEmail ?? '',
           role: RecipientRole.SIGNER,
           actionAuth: [],
-          signingOrder: activeRecipientCount + 1,
+          signingOrder: stepCount + 1,
         },
         true,
       );
@@ -357,142 +283,6 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
     }
   };
 
-  const handleRecipientAutoCompleteSelect = (index: number, suggestion: RecipientAutoCompleteOption) => {
-    setValue(`signers.${index}.email`, suggestion.email, {
-      shouldValidate: true,
-      shouldDirty: true,
-    });
-    setValue(`signers.${index}.name`, suggestion.name || '', {
-      shouldValidate: true,
-      shouldDirty: true,
-    });
-  };
-
-  const onDragEnd = useCallback(
-    async (result: DropResult) => {
-      if (!result.destination) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const items = Array.from(watchedSigners);
-      const [reorderedSigner] = items.splice(result.source.index, 1);
-
-      // Find next valid position
-      let insertIndex = result.destination.index;
-      while (insertIndex < items.length && !canRecipientBeModified(items[insertIndex].id)) {
-        insertIndex++;
-      }
-
-      items.splice(insertIndex, 0, reorderedSigner);
-
-      const updatedSigners = normalizeSigningOrders(items);
-
-      form.setValue('signers', updatedSigners, {
-        shouldValidate: true,
-        shouldDirty: true,
-      });
-
-      if (isAssistantLastSigner(updatedSigners)) {
-        toast({
-          title: t`Warning: Assistant as last signer`,
-          description: t`Having an assistant as the last signer means they will be unable to take any action as there are no subsequent signers to assist.`,
-        });
-      }
-
-      await form.trigger('signers');
-    },
-    [form, canRecipientBeModified, watchedSigners, toast],
-  );
-
-  const handleRoleChange = useCallback(
-    (index: number, role: RecipientRole) => {
-      const currentSigners = form.getValues('signers');
-      const signingOrder = form.getValues('signingOrder');
-
-      // Handle parallel to sequential conversion for assistants
-      if (role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT && signingOrder === DocumentSigningOrder.PARALLEL) {
-        form.setValue('signingOrder', DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL, {
-          shouldValidate: true,
-          shouldDirty: true,
-        });
-        toast({
-          title: t`Signing order is enabled.`,
-          description: t`You cannot add assistants when signing order is disabled.`,
-          variant: 'destructive',
-        });
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const updatedSigners = normalizeSigningOrders(
-        currentSigners.map((signer, idx) => ({
-          ...signer,
-          role: idx === index ? role : signer.role,
-        })),
-      );
-
-      form.setValue('signers', updatedSigners, {
-        shouldValidate: true,
-        shouldDirty: true,
-      });
-
-      if (role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT && isAssistantLastSigner(updatedSigners)) {
-        toast({
-          title: t`Warning: Assistant as last signer`,
-          description: t`Having an assistant as the last signer means they will be unable to take any action as there are no subsequent signers to assist.`,
-        });
-      }
-    },
-    [form, toast, canRecipientBeModified],
-  );
-
-  const handleSigningOrderChange = useCallback(
-    (index: number, newOrderString: string) => {
-      const trimmedOrderString = newOrderString.trim();
-      if (!trimmedOrderString) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const newOrder = Number(trimmedOrderString);
-      if (!Number.isInteger(newOrder) || newOrder < 1) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const currentSigners = form.getValues('signers');
-      const signer = currentSigners[index];
-
-      if (isCcRecipient(signer)) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const nonCcSigners = currentSigners.filter((s) => !isCcRecipient(s));
-      const ccSigners = currentSigners.filter((s) => isCcRecipient(s));
-      const currentSigningOrderIndex = nonCcSigners.findIndex((s) => s.formId === signer.formId);
-
-      if (currentSigningOrderIndex === -1) {
-        return;
-      }
-
-      const [reorderedSigner] = nonCcSigners.splice(currentSigningOrderIndex, 1);
-      const newPosition = Math.min(Math.max(0, newOrder - 1), nonCcSigners.length);
-      nonCcSigners.splice(newPosition, 0, reorderedSigner);
-
-      const updatedSigners = normalizeSigningOrders([...nonCcSigners, ...ccSigners]);
-
-      form.setValue('signers', updatedSigners, {
-        shouldValidate: true,
-        shouldDirty: true,
-      });
-
-      if (signer.role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT && isAssistantLastSigner(updatedSigners)) {
-        toast({
-          title: t`Warning: Assistant as last signer`,
-          description: t`Having an assistant as the last signer means they will be unable to take any action as there are no subsequent signers to assist.`,
-        });
-      }
-    },
-    [form, canRecipientBeModified, toast],
-  );
-
   const handleSigningOrderDisable = useCallback(() => {
     setShowSigningOrderConfirmation(false);
 
@@ -504,10 +294,8 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
       })),
     );
 
-    form.setValue('signers', updatedSigners, {
+    updateEditorSigners(form, updatedSigners);
-      shouldValidate: true,
+
-      shouldDirty: true,
-    });
     form.setValue('signingOrder', DocumentSigningOrder.PARALLEL, {
       shouldValidate: true,
       shouldDirty: true,
@@ -588,7 +376,7 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
   }, [formValues]);
 
   const recipientCountLimit = organisation.organisationClaim.recipientCount;
-  const isOverRecipientLimit = recipientCountLimit > 0 && signers.length > recipientCountLimit;
+  const isOverRecipientLimit = recipientCountLimit > 0 && watchedSigners.length > recipientCountLimit;
 
   return (
     <Card backdropBlur={false} className="border">
@@ -644,7 +432,7 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
             type="button"
             className="flex-1"
             size="sm"
-            disabled={isSubmitting || signers.length >= remaining.recipients}
+            disabled={isSubmitting || watchedSigners.length >= remaining.recipients}
             onClick={() => onAddSigner()}
           >
             <PlusIcon className="mr-1 -ml-1 h-5 w-5" />
@@ -794,287 +582,7 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorRecipientForm = () => {
             )}
           </div>
 
-          <DragDropContext
+          <RecipientStepList showAdvancedSettings={showAdvancedSettings} />
-            onDragEnd={onDragEnd}
-            sensors={[
-              (api: SensorAPI) => {
-                $sensorApi.current = api;
-              },
-            ]}
-          >
-            <Droppable droppableId="signers">
-              {(provided) => (
-                <div {...provided.droppableProps} ref={provided.innerRef} className="flex w-full flex-col gap-y-2">
-                  {signers.map((signer, index) => {
-                    const isDirectRecipient =
-                      envelope.type === EnvelopeType.TEMPLATE &&
-                      envelope.directLink !== null &&
-                      signer.id === envelope.directLink.directTemplateRecipientId;
-
-                    return (
-                      <Draggable
-                        key={`${signer.nativeId}-${signer.signingOrder}`}
-                        draggableId={signer['nativeId']}
-                        index={index}
-                        isDragDisabled={
-                          !isSigningOrderSequential ||
-                          isSubmitting ||
-                          isCcRecipient(signer) ||
-                          !canRecipientBeModified(signer.id) ||
-                          !signer.signingOrder
-                        }
-                      >
-                        {(provided, snapshot) => (
-                          <div
-                            ref={provided.innerRef}
-                            {...provided.draggableProps}
-                            {...provided.dragHandleProps}
-                            className={cn('py-1', {
-                              'pointer-events-none rounded-md bg-widget-foreground pt-2': snapshot.isDragging,
-                            })}
-                          >
-                            <motion.fieldset
-                              data-native-id={signer.id}
-                              disabled={isSubmitting || !canRecipientBeModified(signer.id)}
-                              className={cn('pb-2', {
-                                'border-b pb-4': showAdvancedSettings && index !== signers.length - 1,
-                                'pt-2': showAdvancedSettings && index === 0,
-                                'pr-3': isSigningOrderSequential,
-                              })}
-                            >
-                              <div className="flex flex-row items-center gap-x-2">
-                                {isSigningOrderSequential && isCcRecipient(signer) && (
-                                  <div className="mt-auto h-10 w-[4.25rem] flex-shrink-0" />
-                                )}
-
-                                {isSigningOrderSequential && !isCcRecipient(signer) && (
-                                  <FormField
-                                    control={form.control}
-                                    name={`signers.${index}.signingOrder`}
-                                    render={({ field }) => (
-                                      <FormItem
-                                        className={cn('mt-auto flex items-center gap-x-1 space-y-0', {
-                                          'mb-6':
-                                            form.formState.errors.signers?.[index] &&
-                                            !form.formState.errors.signers[index]?.signingOrder,
-                                        })}
-                                      >
-                                        <GripVerticalIcon className="h-5 w-5 flex-shrink-0 opacity-40" />
-                                        <FormControl>
-                                          <Input
-                                            type="number"
-                                            max={activeRecipientCount}
-                                            data-testid="signing-order-input"
-                                            className={cn(
-                                              'w-10 text-center',
-                                              '[appearance:textfield] [&::-webkit-inner-spin-button]:appearance-none [&::-webkit-outer-spin-button]:appearance-none',
-                                            )}
-                                            {...field}
-                                            onChange={(e) => {
-                                              field.onChange(e);
-                                              handleSigningOrderChange(index, e.target.value);
-                                            }}
-                                            onBlur={(e) => {
-                                              field.onBlur();
-                                              handleSigningOrderChange(index, e.target.value);
-                                            }}
-                                            disabled={
-                                              snapshot.isDragging || isSubmitting || !canRecipientBeModified(signer.id)
-                                            }
-                                          />
-                                        </FormControl>
-                                        <FormMessage />
-                                      </FormItem>
-                                    )}
-                                  />
-                                )}
-
-                                <FormField
-                                  control={form.control}
-                                  name={`signers.${index}.email`}
-                                  render={({ field }) => (
-                                    <FormItem
-                                      className={cn('relative w-full', {
-                                        'mb-6':
-                                          form.formState.errors.signers?.[index] &&
-                                          !form.formState.errors.signers[index]?.email,
-                                      })}
-                                    >
-                                      {!showAdvancedSettings && index === 0 && (
-                                        <FormLabel>
-                                          <Trans>Email</Trans>
-                                        </FormLabel>
-                                      )}
-
-                                      <FormControl>
-                                        <RecipientAutoCompleteInput
-                                          type="email"
-                                          placeholder={t`Email`}
-                                          value={field.value}
-                                          disabled={
-                                            snapshot.isDragging ||
-                                            isSubmitting ||
-                                            !canRecipientBeModified(signer.id) ||
-                                            isDirectRecipient
-                                          }
-                                          options={recipientSuggestions}
-                                          onSelect={(suggestion) =>
-                                            handleRecipientAutoCompleteSelect(index, suggestion)
-                                          }
-                                          onSearchQueryChange={(query) => {
-                                            field.onChange(query);
-                                            setRecipientSearchQuery(query);
-                                          }}
-                                          loading={isLoading}
-                                          data-testid="signer-email-input"
-                                          maxLength={254}
-                                        />
-                                      </FormControl>
-
-                                      <FormMessage />
-                                    </FormItem>
-                                  )}
-                                />
-
-                                <FormField
-                                  control={form.control}
-                                  name={`signers.${index}.name`}
-                                  render={({ field }) => (
-                                    <FormItem
-                                      className={cn('w-full', {
-                                        'mb-6':
-                                          form.formState.errors.signers?.[index] &&
-                                          !form.formState.errors.signers[index]?.name,
-                                      })}
-                                    >
-                                      {!showAdvancedSettings && index === 0 && (
-                                        <FormLabel>
-                                          <Trans>Name</Trans>
-                                        </FormLabel>
-                                      )}
-
-                                      <FormControl>
-                                        <RecipientAutoCompleteInput
-                                          type="text"
-                                          placeholder={t`Recipient ${index + 1}`}
-                                          {...field}
-                                          disabled={
-                                            snapshot.isDragging ||
-                                            isSubmitting ||
-                                            !canRecipientBeModified(signer.id) ||
-                                            isDirectRecipient
-                                          }
-                                          options={recipientSuggestions}
-                                          onSelect={(suggestion) =>
-                                            handleRecipientAutoCompleteSelect(index, suggestion)
-                                          }
-                                          onSearchQueryChange={(query) => {
-                                            field.onChange(query);
-                                            setRecipientSearchQuery(query);
-                                          }}
-                                          loading={isLoading}
-                                          maxLength={255}
-                                        />
-                                      </FormControl>
-
-                                      <FormMessage />
-                                    </FormItem>
-                                  )}
-                                />
-
-                                <FormField
-                                  control={form.control}
-                                  name={`signers.${index}.role`}
-                                  render={({ field }) => (
-                                    <FormItem
-                                      className={cn('mt-auto w-fit', {
-                                        'mb-6':
-                                          form.formState.errors.signers?.[index] &&
-                                          !form.formState.errors.signers[index]?.role,
-                                      })}
-                                    >
-                                      <FormControl>
-                                        <RecipientRoleSelect
-                                          {...field}
-                                          hideAssistantRole={!editorConfig.recipients?.allowAssistantRole}
-                                          hideCCerRole={!editorConfig.recipients?.allowCCerRole}
-                                          hideViewerRole={!editorConfig.recipients?.allowViewerRole}
-                                          hideApproverRole={!editorConfig.recipients?.allowApproverRole}
-                                          isAssistantEnabled={isSigningOrderSequential}
-                                          onValueChange={(value) => {
-                                            // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions
-                                            handleRoleChange(index, value as RecipientRole);
-                                          }}
-                                          disabled={
-                                            snapshot.isDragging || isSubmitting || !canRecipientBeModified(signer.id)
-                                          }
-                                        />
-                                      </FormControl>
-
-                                      <FormMessage />
-                                    </FormItem>
-                                  )}
-                                />
-
-                                <Button
-                                  variant="ghost"
-                                  className={cn('mt-auto px-2', {
-                                    'mb-6': form.formState.errors.signers?.[index],
-                                  })}
-                                  data-testid="remove-signer-button"
-                                  disabled={
-                                    snapshot.isDragging ||
-                                    isSubmitting ||
-                                    !canRecipientBeModified(signer.id) ||
-                                    signers.length === 1 ||
-                                    isDirectRecipient
-                                  }
-                                  onClick={() => onRemoveSigner(index)}
-                                >
-                                  <TrashIcon className="h-4 w-4" />
-                                </Button>
-                              </div>
-
-                              {showAdvancedSettings && organisation.organisationClaim.flags.cfr21 && (
-                                <FormField
-                                  control={form.control}
-                                  name={`signers.${index}.actionAuth`}
-                                  render={({ field }) => (
-                                    <FormItem
-                                      className={cn('mt-2 w-full', {
-                                        'mb-6':
-                                          form.formState.errors.signers?.[index] &&
-                                          !form.formState.errors.signers[index]?.actionAuth,
-                                        'pl-6': isSigningOrderSequential,
-                                      })}
-                                    >
-                                      <FormControl>
-                                        <RecipientActionAuthSelect
-                                          {...field}
-                                          onValueChange={field.onChange}
-                                          disabled={
-                                            snapshot.isDragging || isSubmitting || !canRecipientBeModified(signer.id)
-                                          }
-                                        />
-                                      </FormControl>
-
-                                      <FormMessage />
-                                    </FormItem>
-                                  )}
-                                />
-                              )}
-                            </motion.fieldset>
-                          </div>
-                        )}
-                      </Draggable>
-                    );
-                  })}
-
-                  {provided.placeholder}
-                </div>
-              )}
-            </Droppable>
-          </DragDropContext>
 
           <FormErrorMessage
             className="mt-2"

apps/remix/app/components/general/envelope-editor/recipient-row.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+import type { TEditorRecipientsFormSchema } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/hooks/use-editor-recipients';
+import { useCurrentEnvelopeEditor } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/providers/envelope-editor-provider';
+import { useCurrentOrganisation } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/providers/organisation';
+import { isCcRecipient } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipients';
+import { RecipientActionAuthSelect } from '@documenso/ui/components/recipient/recipient-action-auth-select';
+import {
+  RecipientAutoCompleteInput,
+  type RecipientAutoCompleteOption,
+} from '@documenso/ui/components/recipient/recipient-autocomplete-input';
+import { RecipientRoleSelect } from '@documenso/ui/components/recipient/recipient-role-select';
+import { cn } from '@documenso/ui/lib/utils';
+import { Button } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/button';
+import { FormControl, FormField, FormItem, FormMessage } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/form/form';
+import type { DraggableProvidedDragHandleProps } from '@hello-pangea/dnd';
+import { useLingui } from '@lingui/react/macro';
+import { EnvelopeType, type RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
+import { GripVerticalIcon, TrashIcon } from 'lucide-react';
+import { memo } from 'react';
+import { useFormContext } from 'react-hook-form';
+
+type TEditorSigner = TEditorRecipientsFormSchema['signers'][number];
+
+export type RecipientRowProps = {
+  signerIndex: number;
+  signer: TEditorSigner;
+  isSequential: boolean;
+  isInputDisabled: boolean;
+  canBeModified: boolean;
+  isRemoveDisabled: boolean;
+  showAdvancedSettings: boolean;
+  dragHandleProps?: DraggableProvidedDragHandleProps | null;
+  recipientSuggestions: RecipientAutoCompleteOption[];
+  isLoadingSuggestions: boolean;
+  onRoleChange: (signerIndex: number, role: RecipientRole) => void;
+  onRemove: (signerIndex: number) => void;
+  onAutoCompleteSelect: (signerIndex: number, suggestion: RecipientAutoCompleteOption) => void;
+  onSearchQueryChange: (query: string) => void;
+};
+
+const RecipientRowInner = ({
+  signerIndex,
+  signer,
+  isSequential,
+  isInputDisabled,
+  canBeModified,
+  isRemoveDisabled,
+  showAdvancedSettings,
+  dragHandleProps,
+  recipientSuggestions,
+  isLoadingSuggestions,
+  onRoleChange,
+  onRemove,
+  onAutoCompleteSelect,
+  onSearchQueryChange,
+}: RecipientRowProps) => {
+  const { t } = useLingui();
+
+  const { envelope, editorConfig } = useCurrentEnvelopeEditor();
+  const organisation = useCurrentOrganisation();
+
+  const form = useFormContext<TEditorRecipientsFormSchema>();
+
+  const { isSubmitting } = form.formState;
+
+  const isDirectRecipient =
+    envelope.type === EnvelopeType.TEMPLATE &&
+    envelope.directLink !== null &&
+    signer.id === envelope.directLink.directTemplateRecipientId;
+
+  const isFieldDisabled = isInputDisabled || isSubmitting || !canBeModified;
+
+  const rowErrors = form.formState.errors.signers?.[signerIndex];
+
+  return (
+    <fieldset data-native-id={signer.id} disabled={isSubmitting || !canBeModified} className="py-1">
+      <div className="flex flex-row items-center gap-x-2">
+        {isSequential && !isCcRecipient(signer) && (
+          <span
+            {...(dragHandleProps ?? {})}
+            data-testid="recipient-row-drag-handle"
+            className={cn(
+              'mt-auto -ml-1.5 flex h-10 w-8 flex-shrink-0 cursor-grab items-center justify-center rounded-md hover:bg-foreground/5 active:cursor-grabbing',
+              {
+                'mb-6': rowErrors,
+                'cursor-default hover:bg-transparent': !dragHandleProps,
+              },
+            )}
+          >
+            <GripVerticalIcon
+              className={cn('h-5 w-5 flex-shrink-0 opacity-40', {
+                'opacity-10': !dragHandleProps,
+              })}
+            />
+          </span>
+        )}
+
+        <FormField
+          control={form.control}
+          name={`signers.${signerIndex}.email`}
+          render={({ field }) => (
+            <FormItem
+              className={cn('relative w-full', {
+                'mb-6': rowErrors && !rowErrors.email,
+              })}
+            >
+              <FormControl>
+                <RecipientAutoCompleteInput
+                  type="email"
+                  placeholder={t`Email`}
+                  value={field.value}
+                  disabled={isFieldDisabled || isDirectRecipient}
+                  options={recipientSuggestions}
+                  onSelect={(suggestion) => onAutoCompleteSelect(signerIndex, suggestion)}
+                  onSearchQueryChange={(query) => {
+                    field.onChange(query);
+                    onSearchQueryChange(query);
+                  }}
+                  loading={isLoadingSuggestions}
+                  data-testid="signer-email-input"
+                  maxLength={254}
+                />
+              </FormControl>
+
+              <FormMessage />
+            </FormItem>
+          )}
+        />
+
+        <FormField
+          control={form.control}
+          name={`signers.${signerIndex}.name`}
+          render={({ field }) => (
+            <FormItem
+              className={cn('w-full', {
+                'mb-6': rowErrors && !rowErrors.name,
+              })}
+            >
+              <FormControl>
+                <RecipientAutoCompleteInput
+                  type="text"
+                  placeholder={t`Recipient ${signerIndex + 1}`}
+                  {...field}
+                  disabled={isFieldDisabled || isDirectRecipient}
+                  options={recipientSuggestions}
+                  onSelect={(suggestion) => onAutoCompleteSelect(signerIndex, suggestion)}
+                  onSearchQueryChange={(query) => {
+                    field.onChange(query);
+                    onSearchQueryChange(query);
+                  }}
+                  loading={isLoadingSuggestions}
+                  maxLength={255}
+                />
+              </FormControl>
+
+              <FormMessage />
+            </FormItem>
+          )}
+        />
+
+        <FormField
+          control={form.control}
+          name={`signers.${signerIndex}.role`}
+          render={({ field }) => (
+            <FormItem
+              className={cn('mt-auto w-fit', {
+                'mb-6': rowErrors && !rowErrors.role,
+              })}
+            >
+              <FormControl>
+                <RecipientRoleSelect
+                  {...field}
+                  hideAssistantRole={!editorConfig.recipients?.allowAssistantRole}
+                  hideCCerRole={!editorConfig.recipients?.allowCCerRole}
+                  hideViewerRole={!editorConfig.recipients?.allowViewerRole}
+                  hideApproverRole={!editorConfig.recipients?.allowApproverRole}
+                  isAssistantEnabled={isSequential}
+                  onValueChange={(value) => {
+                    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/consistent-type-assertions
+                    onRoleChange(signerIndex, value as RecipientRole);
+                  }}
+                  disabled={isFieldDisabled}
+                />
+              </FormControl>
+
+              <FormMessage />
+            </FormItem>
+          )}
+        />
+
+        <Button
+          variant="ghost"
+          className={cn('mt-auto px-2', {
+            'mb-6': rowErrors,
+          })}
+          data-testid="remove-signer-button"
+          disabled={isFieldDisabled || isRemoveDisabled || isDirectRecipient}
+          onClick={() => onRemove(signerIndex)}
+        >
+          <TrashIcon className="h-4 w-4" />
+        </Button>
+      </div>
+
+      {showAdvancedSettings && organisation.organisationClaim.flags.cfr21 && (
+        <FormField
+          control={form.control}
+          name={`signers.${signerIndex}.actionAuth`}
+          render={({ field }) => (
+            <FormItem
+              className={cn('mt-2 w-full', {
+                'mb-6': rowErrors && !rowErrors.actionAuth,
+                'pl-6': isSequential,
+              })}
+            >
+              <FormControl>
+                <RecipientActionAuthSelect {...field} onValueChange={field.onChange} disabled={isFieldDisabled} />
+              </FormControl>
+
+              <FormMessage />
+            </FormItem>
+          )}
+        />
+      )}
+    </fieldset>
+  );
+};
+
+/**
+ * Memoized: rows contain heavy inputs (autocomplete, role select) and would
+ * otherwise re-render on every drag state change, making drags feel sluggish.
+ * All callback props are stable (useCallback in the list) and `signer` object
+ * identities only change when form values actually change.
+ */
+export const RecipientRow = memo(RecipientRowInner);

apps/remix/app/components/general/envelope-editor/recipient-step-card.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+import type { TEditorRecipientsFormSchema } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/hooks/use-editor-recipients';
+import type { RecipientStep } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipient-groups';
+import { cn } from '@documenso/ui/lib/utils';
+import { Badge } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/badge';
+import { Button } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/button';
+import type { DraggableProvided, DraggableStateSnapshot } from '@hello-pangea/dnd';
+import { Draggable, Droppable } from '@hello-pangea/dnd';
+import { Trans } from '@lingui/react/macro';
+import { GripVerticalIcon, Users2Icon } from 'lucide-react';
+
+import { RecipientRow, type RecipientRowProps } from './recipient-row';
+
+type TEditorSigner = TEditorRecipientsFormSchema['signers'][number];
+
+export type DraggingType = 'STEP' | 'RECIPIENT' | null;
+
+/**
+ * Skips the drop animation. The post-drop state update re-sorts and renumbers
+ * the groups anyway, so gliding to the predicted slot first makes every drop
+ * feel like it settles twice — snapping hands control to the real re-render
+ * immediately instead.
+ */
+const getDraggableStyle = (provided: DraggableProvided, snapshot: DraggableStateSnapshot) => {
+  if (!snapshot.isDropAnimating) {
+    return provided.draggableProps.style;
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ...provided.draggableProps.style,
+    transitionDuration: '0.001s',
+  };
+};
+
+export type RecipientStepCardSharedRowProps = Pick<
+  RecipientRowProps,
+  | 'showAdvancedSettings'
+  | 'recipientSuggestions'
+  | 'isLoadingSuggestions'
+  | 'onRoleChange'
+  | 'onRemove'
+  | 'onAutoCompleteSelect'
+  | 'onSearchQueryChange'
+>;
+
+export type RecipientStepCardProps = {
+  stepIndex: number;
+  step: RecipientStep<TEditorSigner>;
+  isLastStep: boolean;
+  draggableProvided: DraggableProvided;
+  draggableSnapshot: DraggableStateSnapshot;
+  draggingType: DraggingType;
+  /**
+   * Whether recipients may be combined into signing groups. False on CSC
+   * (AES/QES) instances, where every signing recipient must hold a distinct
+   * step. Constant for the session, so disabling the drop-zone with it does
+   * not violate the "never toggle `isDropDisabled` mid-drag" constraint.
+   */
+  isGroupingEnabled: boolean;
+  isStepLocked: boolean;
+  isRemoveDisabled: boolean;
+  flatIndexByFormId: Map<string, number>;
+  canSignerBeModified: (signer: TEditorSigner) => boolean;
+  isSubmitting: boolean;
+  onUngroup: (stepIndex: number) => void;
+  rowProps: RecipientStepCardSharedRowProps;
+};
+
+/**
+ * The drop-zone strip rendered above each group card (and below the last one)
+ * that receives recipient-row drops. Invisible until a dragged row hovers it,
+ * then it shows a full-width green line marking the insertion point.
+ *
+ * Notes:
+ * - It lives INSIDE the step's Draggable so it shifts together with the card
+ *   while groups are being reordered — a static strip between draggables
+ *   would stay behind while the cards around it are displaced, making group
+ *   drags look broken.
+ * - Its `droppableId` must stay STABLE while mounted (anchored to a formId,
+ *   never a positional index): @hello-pangea/dnd does not support changing
+ *   ids on mounted droppables/draggables, which silently breaks them.
+ * - `type="RECIPIENT"` already scopes it to recipient-row drags, and
+ *   `isDropDisabled` must not be toggled based on the active drag, as
+ *   @hello-pangea/dnd snapshots it at drag start (before state updates land).
+ * - It must keep a CONSTANT size: droppable geometry is captured when a drag
+ *   starts, so resizing during the drag would leave the visible strip and the
+ *   actual hit area in different places. Only colors may change mid-drag.
+ */
+const RecipientStepGap = ({ droppableId }: { droppableId: string }) => (
+  <Droppable droppableId={droppableId} type="RECIPIENT">
+    {(provided, snapshot) => (
+      <div
+        ref={provided.innerRef}
+        {...provided.droppableProps}
+        data-testid="recipient-step-gap"
+        className={cn('flex h-6 items-center', {
+          'gap-active': snapshot.isDraggingOver,
+        })}
+      >
+        <div
+          className={cn('h-[3px] w-full rounded-full bg-primary opacity-0 transition-opacity duration-100', {
+            'opacity-100': snapshot.isDraggingOver,
+          })}
+        />
+        {provided.placeholder}
+      </div>
+    )}
+  </Droppable>
+);
+
+export const RecipientStepCard = ({
+  stepIndex,
+  step,
+  isLastStep,
+  draggableProvided,
+  draggableSnapshot,
+  draggingType,
+  isGroupingEnabled,
+  isStepLocked,
+  isRemoveDisabled,
+  flatIndexByFormId,
+  canSignerBeModified,
+  isSubmitting,
+  onUngroup,
+  rowProps,
+}: RecipientStepCardProps) => {
+  const isGroup = step.members.length > 1;
+  const isCombineTarget = draggingType === 'STEP' && Boolean(draggableSnapshot.combineTargetFor);
+
+  // All droppable ids are anchored to the first member's formId (never a
+  // positional index) so they stay stable while cards are reordered —
+  // @hello-pangea/dnd does not support changing ids on mounted elements.
+  const stepAnchor = step.members[0].formId;
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      ref={draggableProvided.innerRef}
+      {...draggableProvided.draggableProps}
+      style={getDraggableStyle(draggableProvided, draggableSnapshot)}
+      className={cn({
+        'pointer-events-none': draggableSnapshot.isDragging,
+      })}
+    >
+      <RecipientStepGap droppableId={`gap-${stepAnchor}`} />
+
+      <Droppable droppableId={`step-members-${stepAnchor}`} type="RECIPIENT" isDropDisabled={!isGroupingEnabled}>
+        {(droppableProvided, droppableSnapshot) => {
+          const isJoinTarget = draggingType === 'RECIPIENT' && droppableSnapshot.isDraggingOver;
+          const isHighlighted = isCombineTarget || isJoinTarget;
+
+          return (
+            <div
+              ref={droppableProvided.innerRef}
+              {...droppableProvided.droppableProps}
+              data-testid="recipient-step-card"
+              className={cn('relative rounded-lg border bg-background px-3 pt-2 pb-1 transition-shadow', {
+                'border-primary/60 bg-primary/5': isGroup,
+                'bg-widget-foreground shadow-lg': draggableSnapshot.isDragging,
+                'border-primary ring-1 ring-primary': isHighlighted,
+              })}
+            >
+              {isHighlighted && (
+                <Badge
+                  variant="default"
+                  size="small"
+                  className="absolute -top-3 right-4 z-10 flex items-center gap-x-1 shadow-sm"
+                >
+                  <Users2Icon className="h-3 w-3" />
+                  <Trans>Release to group</Trans>
+                </Badge>
+              )}
+
+              <div className="flex flex-row items-center gap-x-1">
+                <span
+                  {...(draggableProvided.dragHandleProps ?? {})}
+                  data-testid="step-drag-handle"
+                  className={cn(
+                    '-my-1 -ml-1.5 flex h-8 w-8 flex-shrink-0 cursor-grab items-center justify-center rounded-md hover:bg-foreground/5 active:cursor-grabbing',
+                    { 'pointer-events-none opacity-30': isStepLocked },
+                  )}
+                >
+                  <GripVerticalIcon className="h-4 w-4 opacity-60" />
+                </span>
+
+                <Badge variant={isGroup ? 'default' : 'neutral'} size="small">
+                  <Trans>Group {step.order}</Trans>
+                </Badge>
+
+                {isGroup && (
+                  <>
+                    <span className="ml-1 flex items-center gap-x-1.5 text-green-700 text-xs dark:text-green-400">
+                      <Users2Icon className="h-3.5 w-3.5" />
+                      <Trans>{step.members.length} recipients · any order</Trans>
+                    </span>
+
+                    <Button
+                      type="button"
+                      variant="link"
+                      size="sm"
+                      data-testid="ungroup-step-button"
+                      className="ml-auto h-auto p-0 text-xs"
+                      disabled={isStepLocked || isSubmitting}
+                      onClick={() => onUngroup(stepIndex)}
+                    >
+                      <Trans>Ungroup</Trans>
+                    </Button>
+                  </>
+                )}
+              </div>
+
+              {step.members.map((member, memberIndex) => {
+                const signerIndex = flatIndexByFormId.get(member.formId) ?? -1;
+                const canBeModified = canSignerBeModified(member);
+
+                return (
+                  <Draggable
+                    key={member.formId}
+                    draggableId={`recipient-${member.formId}`}
+                    index={memberIndex}
+                    isDragDisabled={isSubmitting || isStepLocked}
+                  >
+                    {(memberProvided, memberSnapshot) => (
+                      <div
+                        ref={memberProvided.innerRef}
+                        {...memberProvided.draggableProps}
+                        style={getDraggableStyle(memberProvided, memberSnapshot)}
+                        className={cn({
+                          'rounded-md bg-widget-foreground shadow-lg': memberSnapshot.isDragging,
+                        })}
+                      >
+                        <RecipientRow
+                          signerIndex={signerIndex}
+                          signer={member}
+                          isSequential={true}
+                          isInputDisabled={memberSnapshot.isDragging || draggableSnapshot.isDragging}
+                          canBeModified={canBeModified}
+                          isRemoveDisabled={isRemoveDisabled}
+                          dragHandleProps={memberProvided.dragHandleProps}
+                          {...rowProps}
+                        />
+                      </div>
+                    )}
+                  </Draggable>
+                );
+              })}
+
+              {droppableProvided.placeholder}
+            </div>
+          );
+        }}
+      </Droppable>
+
+      {isLastStep && <RecipientStepGap droppableId="gap-end" />}
+    </div>
+  );
+};

apps/remix/app/components/general/envelope-editor/recipient-step-list.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+import { useDebouncedValue } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/hooks/use-debounced-value';
+import {
+  type TEditorRecipientsFormSchema,
+  updateEditorSigners,
+} from '@documenso/lib/client-only/hooks/use-editor-recipients';
+import { useCurrentEnvelopeEditor } from '@documenso/lib/client-only/providers/envelope-editor-provider';
+import {
+  extractRecipientToNewStep,
+  getLastLockedStepIndex,
+  groupRecipientsBySigningOrder,
+  mergeSteps,
+  moveRecipientToStep,
+  normalizeGroupedSigningOrders,
+  reorderStep,
+  ungroupStep,
+} from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipient-groups';
+import { canEditorRecipientBeModified, isAssistantLastSigner } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipients';
+import { trpc } from '@documenso/trpc/react';
+import type { RecipientAutoCompleteOption } from '@documenso/ui/components/recipient/recipient-autocomplete-input';
+import { Badge } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/badge';
+import { useToast } from '@documenso/ui/primitives/use-toast';
+import type { BeforeCapture, DropResult } from '@hello-pangea/dnd';
+import { DragDropContext, Draggable, Droppable } from '@hello-pangea/dnd';
+import { Trans, useLingui } from '@lingui/react/macro';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
+import { useCallback, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { RecipientRow } from './recipient-row';
+import { type DraggingType, RecipientStepCard } from './recipient-step-card';
+
+type TEditorSigner = TEditorRecipientsFormSchema['signers'][number];
+
+export type RecipientStepListProps = {
+  showAdvancedSettings: boolean;
+};
+
+export const RecipientStepList = ({ showAdvancedSettings }: RecipientStepListProps) => {
+  const { t } = useLingui();
+  const { toast } = useToast();
+
+  const { envelope, editorRecipients, isEmbedded, isCscMode } = useCurrentEnvelopeEditor();
+  const { form } = editorRecipients;
+
+  // Signing groups are an SES feature: TSP (AES/QES) signatures must be
+  // strictly sequential, so on CSC instances the group affordances (card
+  // combine, row-to-card join) are disabled while step reordering and
+  // ungrouping of invalid API-created state stay available.
+  const isGroupingEnabled = !isCscMode;
+
+  const [draggingType, setDraggingType] = useState<DraggingType>(null);
+  const [recipientSearchQuery, setRecipientSearchQuery] = useState('');
+
+  const debouncedRecipientSearchQuery = useDebouncedValue(recipientSearchQuery, 500);
+
+  const { data: recipientSuggestionsData, isLoading } = trpc.recipient.suggestions.find.useQuery(
+    {
+      query: debouncedRecipientSearchQuery,
+    },
+    {
+      enabled: debouncedRecipientSearchQuery.length > 1 && !isEmbedded,
+      retry: false,
+    },
+  );
+
+  const recipientSuggestions = recipientSuggestionsData?.results || [];
+
+  const watchedSigners = form.watch('signers');
+  const isSequential = form.watch('signingOrder') === DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL;
+  const { isSubmitting } = form.formState;
+
+  const { steps, ccRecipients } = useMemo(() => groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(watchedSigners), [watchedSigners]);
+
+  // Signing is sequential, so anyone who has already acted is at or before the
+  // current step. Those steps hold persisted orders that cannot be rewritten,
+  // so ordering is locked up to and including the last of them; everything
+  // after can still be rearranged freely.
+  const lastLockedStepIndex = useMemo(
+    () => getLastLockedStepIndex(steps, (signer) => canEditorRecipientBeModified(envelope, signer.id)),
+    [steps, envelope],
+  );
+
+  const isRemoveDisabled = watchedSigners.length === 1;
+
+  const flatIndexByFormId = useMemo(
+    () => new Map(watchedSigners.map((signer, index) => [signer.formId, index])),
+    [watchedSigners],
+  );
+
+  const canSignerBeModified = useCallback(
+    (signer: TEditorSigner) => canEditorRecipientBeModified(envelope, signer.id),
+    [envelope],
+  );
+
+  const applySigners = useCallback(
+    (updatedSigners: TEditorSigner[], options: { warnWhenAssistantLast?: boolean } = {}) => {
+      const { warnWhenAssistantLast = true } = options;
+
+      updateEditorSigners(form, updatedSigners);
+
+      if (warnWhenAssistantLast && isAssistantLastSigner(updatedSigners)) {
+        toast({
+          title: t`Warning: Assistant as last signer`,
+          description: t`Having an assistant as the last signer means they will be unable to take any action as there are no subsequent signers to assist.`,
+        });
+      }
+
+      void form.trigger('signers');
+    },
+    [form, t, toast],
+  );
+
+  const handleRoleChange = useCallback(
+    (signerIndex: number, role: RecipientRole) => {
+      const currentSigners = form.getValues('signers');
+      const signingOrder = form.getValues('signingOrder');
+
+      if (role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT && signingOrder === DocumentSigningOrder.PARALLEL) {
+        form.setValue('signingOrder', DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL, {
+          shouldValidate: true,
+          shouldDirty: true,
+        });
+
+        toast({
+          title: t`Signing order is enabled.`,
+          description: t`You cannot add assistants when signing order is disabled.`,
+          variant: 'destructive',
+        });
+
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const updatedSigners = normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(
+        currentSigners.map((signer, index) => ({
+          ...signer,
+          role: index === signerIndex ? role : signer.role,
+        })),
+        canSignerBeModified,
+      );
+
+      applySigners(updatedSigners, { warnWhenAssistantLast: role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT });
+    },
+    [form, toast, t, canSignerBeModified, applySigners],
+  );
+
+  const handleRemove = useCallback(
+    (signerIndex: number) => {
+      const signer = form.getValues('signers')[signerIndex];
+
+      if (!signer) {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (!canSignerBeModified(signer)) {
+        toast({
+          title: t`Cannot remove signer`,
+          description: t`This signer has already signed the document.`,
+          variant: 'destructive',
+        });
+
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const updatedSigners = normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(
+        form.getValues('signers').filter((s) => s.formId !== signer.formId),
+        canSignerBeModified,
+      );
+
+      applySigners(updatedSigners, { warnWhenAssistantLast: false });
+    },
+    [form, toast, t, canSignerBeModified, applySigners],
+  );
+
+  const handleUngroup = useCallback(
+    (stepIndex: number) => {
+      applySigners(ungroupStep(form.getValues('signers'), stepIndex, canSignerBeModified));
+    },
+    [form, canSignerBeModified, applySigners],
+  );
+
+  const handleAutoCompleteSelect = useCallback(
+    (signerIndex: number, suggestion: RecipientAutoCompleteOption) => {
+      form.setValue(`signers.${signerIndex}.email`, suggestion.email, {
+        shouldValidate: true,
+        shouldDirty: true,
+      });
+      form.setValue(`signers.${signerIndex}.name`, suggestion.name || '', {
+        shouldValidate: true,
+        shouldDirty: true,
+      });
+    },
+    [form],
+  );
+
+  const onBeforeCapture = useCallback((before: BeforeCapture) => {
+    setDraggingType(before.draggableId.startsWith('step-') ? 'STEP' : 'RECIPIENT');
+  }, []);
+
+  const onDragEnd = useCallback(
+    (result: DropResult) => {
+      setDraggingType(null);
+
+      const currentSigners = form.getValues('signers');
+
+      // Drag-and-drop ids are anchored to the first member's formId so they
+      // stay stable across reorders; resolve them back to step indexes here.
+      const { steps: currentSteps } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(currentSigners);
+
+      const findStepIndexByAnchor = (anchorFormId: string) =>
+        currentSteps.findIndex((step) => step.members[0]?.formId === anchorFormId);
+
+      if (result.type === 'STEP') {
+        if (result.combine) {
+          // Unreachable while combining is disabled, but kept as a guard so a
+          // stray combine result can never form a group on a CSC envelope.
+          if (!isGroupingEnabled) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const targetStepIndex = findStepIndexByAnchor(result.combine.draggableId.slice('step-'.length));
+
+          if (targetStepIndex === -1) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          applySigners(mergeSteps(currentSigners, result.source.index, targetStepIndex, canSignerBeModified));
+
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (result.destination) {
+          applySigners(reorderStep(currentSigners, result.source.index, result.destination.index, canSignerBeModified));
+        }
+
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (result.type === 'RECIPIENT' && result.destination) {
+        const formId = result.draggableId.slice('recipient-'.length);
+        const { droppableId } = result.destination;
+
+        if (droppableId === 'gap-end') {
+          applySigners(extractRecipientToNewStep(currentSigners, formId, currentSteps.length, canSignerBeModified));
+
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (droppableId.startsWith('gap-')) {
+          const insertStepIndex = findStepIndexByAnchor(droppableId.slice('gap-'.length));
+
+          if (insertStepIndex === -1) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          applySigners(extractRecipientToNewStep(currentSigners, formId, insertStepIndex, canSignerBeModified));
+
+          return;
+        }
+
+        if (droppableId.startsWith('step-members-')) {
+          // Unreachable while the card drop-zones are disabled, but kept as a
+          // guard so a stray drop can never form a group on a CSC envelope.
+          if (!isGroupingEnabled) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          const targetStepIndex = findStepIndexByAnchor(droppableId.slice('step-members-'.length));
+
+          if (targetStepIndex === -1) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          applySigners(moveRecipientToStep(currentSigners, formId, targetStepIndex, canSignerBeModified));
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    [form, canSignerBeModified, applySigners, isGroupingEnabled],
+  );
+
+  const sharedRowProps = {
+    showAdvancedSettings,
+    recipientSuggestions,
+    isLoadingSuggestions: isLoading,
+    onRoleChange: handleRoleChange,
+    onRemove: handleRemove,
+    onAutoCompleteSelect: handleAutoCompleteSelect,
+    onSearchQueryChange: setRecipientSearchQuery,
+  };
+
+  return (
+    <div>
+      {!showAdvancedSettings && !isSequential && (
+        <div className="mb-1 flex flex-row gap-x-2 text-sm">
+          <span className="w-full">
+            <Trans>Email</Trans>
+          </span>
+          <span className="w-full">
+            <Trans>Name</Trans>
+          </span>
+          <span className="w-[7.5rem] flex-shrink-0" />
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      {!isSequential ? (
+        <div className="flex w-full flex-col">
+          {watchedSigners.map((signer, index) => (
+            <RecipientRow
+              key={signer.formId}
+              signerIndex={index}
+              signer={signer}
+              isSequential={false}
+              isInputDisabled={false}
+              canBeModified={canSignerBeModified(signer)}
+              isRemoveDisabled={isRemoveDisabled}
+              dragHandleProps={null}
+              {...sharedRowProps}
+            />
+          ))}
+        </div>
+      ) : (
+        <>
+          <DragDropContext onBeforeCapture={onBeforeCapture} onDragEnd={onDragEnd}>
+            <Droppable droppableId="recipient-steps" type="STEP" isCombineEnabled={isGroupingEnabled}>
+              {(provided) => (
+                <div {...provided.droppableProps} ref={provided.innerRef} className="flex w-full flex-col">
+                  {steps.map((step, stepIndex) => {
+                    const isStepLocked = stepIndex <= lastLockedStepIndex;
+
+                    return (
+                      <Draggable
+                        key={`step-${step.members[0].formId}`}
+                        draggableId={`step-${step.members[0].formId}`}
+                        index={stepIndex}
+                        isDragDisabled={isSubmitting || isStepLocked}
+                      >
+                        {(draggableProvided, draggableSnapshot) => (
+                          <RecipientStepCard
+                            stepIndex={stepIndex}
+                            step={step}
+                            isLastStep={stepIndex === steps.length - 1}
+                            draggableProvided={draggableProvided}
+                            draggableSnapshot={draggableSnapshot}
+                            draggingType={draggingType}
+                            isGroupingEnabled={isGroupingEnabled}
+                            isStepLocked={isStepLocked}
+                            isRemoveDisabled={isRemoveDisabled}
+                            flatIndexByFormId={flatIndexByFormId}
+                            canSignerBeModified={canSignerBeModified}
+                            isSubmitting={isSubmitting}
+                            onUngroup={handleUngroup}
+                            rowProps={sharedRowProps}
+                          />
+                        )}
+                      </Draggable>
+                    );
+                  })}
+
+                  {provided.placeholder}
+                </div>
+              )}
+            </Droppable>
+          </DragDropContext>
+
+          {ccRecipients.length > 0 && (
+            <div className="my-1 rounded-lg border px-3 py-1.5">
+              <Badge variant="neutral" size="small">
+                <Trans>Receives Copy</Trans>
+              </Badge>
+
+              {ccRecipients.map((signer) => (
+                <div key={signer.formId} className="my-1">
+                  <RecipientRow
+                    signerIndex={flatIndexByFormId.get(signer.formId) ?? -1}
+                    signer={signer}
+                    isSequential={true}
+                    isInputDisabled={false}
+                    canBeModified={canSignerBeModified(signer)}
+                    isRemoveDisabled={isRemoveDisabled}
+                    dragHandleProps={null}
+                    {...sharedRowProps}
+                  />
+                </div>
+              ))}
+            </div>
+          )}
+        </>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  );
+};

apps/remix/app/routes/_authenticated+/t.$teamUrl+/documents.$id.legacy_editor.tsx

@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ export async function loader({ params, request }: Route.LoaderArgs) {
     throw new Response('Not Found', { status: 404 });
   }
 
+  if (document.internalVersion !== 1) {
+    throw redirect(`${documentRootPath}/${document.envelopeId}/edit`);
+  }
+
   const documentVisibility = document.visibility;
   const currentTeamMemberRole = team.currentTeamRole;
   const isRecipient = document.recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === user.email);

apps/remix/app/routes/_authenticated+/t.$teamUrl+/templates.$id.legacy_editor.tsx

@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ export async function loader({ params, request }: Route.LoaderArgs) {
     throw redirect(templateRootPath);
   }
 
+  if (template.internalVersion !== 1) {
+    throw redirect(`${templateRootPath}/${template.envelopeId}/edit`);
+  }
+
   return superLoaderJson({
     template: {
       ...template,

apps/remix/app/routes/_recipient+/sign.$token+/_index.tsx

@@ -93,22 +93,23 @@ const handleV1Loader = async ({ params, request }: Route.LoaderArgs) => {
         })
       : [recipient];
 
-  if (
+  // Dictation eligibility must be decided here, over the FULL recipient list
-    document.documentMeta?.signingOrder === DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL &&
+  // — the same computation the completion route enforces. `allRecipients` is
-    recipient.role !== RecipientRole.ASSISTANT
+  // role-scoped (assistants only see strictly later steps, not their own
-  ) {
+  // group peers), so deriving it client-side from that list would offer
-    const nextPendingRecipient = await getNextPendingRecipient({
+  // dictation the server then silently ignores.
-      documentId: document.id,
+  const nextPendingRecipient =
-      currentRecipientId: recipient.id,
+    document.documentMeta?.signingOrder === DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL
-    });
+      ? await getNextPendingRecipient({
+          documentId: document.id,
+          currentRecipientId: recipient.id,
+        })
+      : null;
 
-    if (nextPendingRecipient) {
+  // Only the identity is needed client-side (dictation flag + prefill).
-      allRecipients.push({
+  const nextRecipient = nextPendingRecipient
-        ...nextPendingRecipient,
+    ? { name: nextPendingRecipient.name, email: nextPendingRecipient.email }
-        fields: [],
+    : null;
-      });
-    }
-  }
 
   const { derivedRecipientAccessAuth } = extractDocumentAuthMethods({
     documentAuth: document.authOptions,
@@ -170,6 +171,7 @@ const handleV1Loader = async ({ params, request }: Route.LoaderArgs) => {
     recipient,
     recipientWithFields,
     allRecipients,
+    nextRecipient,
     completedFields,
     recipientSignature,
     isRecipientsTurn,
@@ -414,6 +416,7 @@ const SigningPageV1 = ({ data }: { data: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof handleV1Loade
     recipientSignature,
     isRecipientsTurn,
     allRecipients,
+    nextRecipient,
     includeSenderDetails,
     branding,
     recipientWithFields,
@@ -486,6 +489,7 @@ const SigningPageV1 = ({ data }: { data: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof handleV1Loade
             completedFields={completedFields}
             isRecipientsTurn={isRecipientsTurn}
             allRecipients={allRecipients}
+            nextRecipient={nextRecipient ?? undefined}
             includeSenderDetails={includeSenderDetails}
             branding={branding}
           />

packages/api/v1/schema.ts

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import {
 import { ZDocumentEmailSettingsSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-email';
 import { ZEnvelopeAttachmentTypeSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/envelope-attachment';
 import { ZFieldMetaPrefillFieldsSchema, ZFieldMetaSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/field-meta';
+import { ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { zEmail } from '@documenso/lib/utils/zod';
 import {
   DocumentDataType,
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ export const ZCreateDocumentMutationSchema = z.object({
       name: z.string().min(1),
       email: zEmail().min(1),
       role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole).optional().default(RecipientRole.SIGNER),
-      signingOrder: z.number().nullish(),
+      signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.nullish(),
     }),
   ),
   meta: z
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ export const ZCreateDocumentFromTemplateMutationSchema = z.object({
       name: z.string().min(1),
       email: zEmail().min(1),
       role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole).optional().default(RecipientRole.SIGNER),
-      signingOrder: z.number().nullish(),
+      signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.nullish(),
     }),
   ),
   meta: z
@@ -315,7 +316,7 @@ export const ZGenerateDocumentFromTemplateMutationSchema = z.object({
         id: z.number(),
         email: zEmail(),
         name: z.string().optional(),
-        signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+        signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
       }),
     )
     .refine(
@@ -389,7 +390,7 @@ export const ZCreateRecipientMutationSchema = z.object({
   name: z.string().min(1),
   email: zEmail().min(1),
   role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole).optional().default(RecipientRole.SIGNER),
-  signingOrder: z.number().nullish(),
+  signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.nullish(),
   authOptions: z
     .object({
       actionAuth: z

packages/app-tests/e2e/api/trpc/envelope/expired-recipient-field-signing.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import { NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL } from '@documenso/lib/constants/app';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import type { Page } from '@playwright/test';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { FieldType } from '@prisma/client';
+
+const WEBAPP_BASE_URL = NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL();
+
+/**
+ * Field insertion must respect the recipient's signing window: an expired
+ * recipient can no longer act on the envelope at all. The V1 endpoints assert
+ * this; the V2 `envelope.field.sign` route historically did not.
+ */
+
+const callSignEnvelopeField = async (page: Page, input: { token: string; fieldId: number; value: string }) => {
+  return await page.context().request.post(`${WEBAPP_BASE_URL}/api/trpc/envelope.field.sign`, {
+    headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' },
+    data: JSON.stringify({
+      json: {
+        token: input.token,
+        fieldId: input.fieldId,
+        fieldValue: {
+          type: FieldType.TEXT,
+          value: input.value,
+        },
+      },
+    }),
+  });
+};
+
+const seedV2PendingDocumentWithTextField = async () => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: signer } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { recipients } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [signer],
+    fields: [FieldType.TEXT],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      internalVersion: 2,
+    },
+  });
+
+  const recipient = recipients[0];
+  const textField = recipient.fields.find((field) => field.type === FieldType.TEXT);
+
+  if (!textField) {
+    throw new Error('Seeded text field not found');
+  }
+
+  return { recipient, textField };
+};
+
+test('[ENVELOPE_FIELD_SIGN]: rejects field insertion for an expired recipient', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { recipient, textField } = await seedV2PendingDocumentWithTextField();
+
+  await prisma.recipient.update({
+    where: { id: recipient.id },
+    data: {
+      // Expired one hour ago.
+      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() - 60 * 60 * 1000),
+    },
+  });
+
+  // The seed pre-populates customText with a placeholder value.
+  const fieldBefore = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: textField.id } });
+
+  const response = await callSignEnvelopeField(page, {
+    token: recipient.token,
+    fieldId: textField.id,
+    value: 'TEXT',
+  });
+
+  expect(response.ok()).toBeFalsy();
+
+  const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: textField.id } });
+
+  expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(false);
+  expect(fieldAfter.customText).toBe(fieldBefore.customText);
+});
+
+test('[ENVELOPE_FIELD_SIGN]: accepts field insertion for a recipient within their signing window', async ({ page }) => {
+  // Positive control: proves the request format reaches the route, so the
+  // expired-recipient rejection above cannot pass vacuously.
+  const { recipient, textField } = await seedV2PendingDocumentWithTextField();
+
+  await prisma.recipient.update({
+    where: { id: recipient.id },
+    data: {
+      // Expires an hour from now.
+      expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 60 * 60 * 1000),
+    },
+  });
+
+  const response = await callSignEnvelopeField(page, {
+    token: recipient.token,
+    fieldId: textField.id,
+    value: 'TEXT',
+  });
+
+  expect(response.ok()).toBeTruthy();
+
+  const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: textField.id } });
+
+  expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(true);
+  expect(fieldAfter.customText).toBe('TEXT');
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/api/v2/recipient-signing-order-validation.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import { NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL } from '@documenso/lib/constants/app';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { type APIRequestContext, expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+
+import { apiSeedDraftDocument } from '../../fixtures/api-seeds';
+
+const API_BASE_URL = `${NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL()}/api/v2-beta`;
+
+/**
+ * `Recipient.signingOrder` is an Int column, but nothing constrained the input
+ * to an integer. Prisma does not reject a fraction — it truncates it (1.5 -> 1),
+ * so distinct orders could silently collapse onto the same value, which under
+ * signing groups means "same step". Zero and negatives were persisted as-is and
+ * sort ahead of everything, including the `?? 0` fallback in assistant scoping.
+ */
+
+const createRecipient = async (request: APIRequestContext, token: string, envelopeId: string, signingOrder: number) =>
+  await request.post(`${API_BASE_URL}/envelope/recipient/create-many`, {
+    headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`, 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+    data: {
+      envelopeId,
+      data: [
+        {
+          email: `signing-order-${Date.now()}-${signingOrder}@documenso.com`,
+          name: 'Signing Order Test',
+          role: 'SIGNER',
+          signingOrder,
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  });
+
+test('[SIGNING_ORDER_VALIDATION]: rejects a fractional signing order with a client error', async ({ request }) => {
+  const { envelope, token } = await apiSeedDraftDocument(request, { title: '[TEST] Signing order validation' });
+
+  const response = await createRecipient(request, token, envelope.id, 1.5);
+
+  expect(response.status()).toBe(400);
+
+  // Nothing may be written — in particular not a silently truncated `1`.
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId: envelope.id } });
+
+  expect(recipients).toHaveLength(0);
+});
+
+test('[SIGNING_ORDER_VALIDATION]: rejects a zero signing order', async ({ request }) => {
+  const { envelope, token } = await apiSeedDraftDocument(request, { title: '[TEST] Signing order validation zero' });
+
+  const response = await createRecipient(request, token, envelope.id, 0);
+
+  expect(response.status()).toBe(400);
+
+  const persisted = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId: envelope.id, signingOrder: 0 } });
+
+  expect(persisted).toHaveLength(0);
+});
+
+test('[SIGNING_ORDER_VALIDATION]: rejects a negative signing order', async ({ request }) => {
+  const { envelope, token } = await apiSeedDraftDocument(request, {
+    title: '[TEST] Signing order validation negative',
+  });
+
+  const response = await createRecipient(request, token, envelope.id, -1);
+
+  expect(response.status()).toBe(400);
+
+  const persisted = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId: envelope.id, signingOrder: -1 } });
+
+  expect(persisted).toHaveLength(0);
+});
+
+test('[SIGNING_ORDER_VALIDATION]: still accepts a valid positive integer signing order', async ({ request }) => {
+  const { envelope, token } = await apiSeedDraftDocument(request, { title: '[TEST] Signing order validation valid' });
+
+  const response = await createRecipient(request, token, envelope.id, 2);
+
+  expect(response.ok(), await response.text()).toBeTruthy();
+
+  const persisted = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId: envelope.id, signingOrder: 2 } });
+
+  expect(persisted).toHaveLength(1);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/api/v2/tsp-recipient-grouping.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import { NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL } from '@documenso/lib/constants/app';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { type APIRequestContext, expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+
+import { apiSeedDraftDocument } from '../../fixtures/api-seeds';
+
+const API_BASE_URL = `${NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL()}/api/v2-beta`;
+
+/**
+ * AES/QES envelopes cannot contain signing groups: two recipients sharing a
+ * step sign in parallel, which breaks the per-recipient /ByteRange invariant
+ * TSP signatures depend on. That rule previously lived only in the editor's
+ * form schema, so the API would happily create the forbidden state.
+ *
+ * The signature level is seeded directly because `resolveSignatureLevel`
+ * coerces AES/QES down to SES on a non-CSC instance, so it cannot be requested
+ * through the API here.
+ */
+
+const createRecipients = async (
+  request: APIRequestContext,
+  token: string,
+  envelopeId: string,
+  recipients: Array<{ signingOrder?: number }>,
+) =>
+  await request.post(`${API_BASE_URL}/envelope/recipient/create-many`, {
+    headers: { Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`, 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+    data: {
+      envelopeId,
+      data: recipients.map((recipient, index) => ({
+        email: `tsp-grouping-${Date.now()}-${index}@documenso.com`,
+        name: `TSP Recipient ${index}`,
+        role: 'SIGNER',
+        ...recipient,
+      })),
+    },
+  });
+
+const seedEnvelopeAtSignatureLevel = async (request: APIRequestContext, signatureLevel: string) => {
+  const { envelope, token } = await apiSeedDraftDocument(request, { title: `[TEST] ${signatureLevel} grouping` });
+
+  await prisma.envelope.update({ where: { id: envelope.id }, data: { signatureLevel } });
+
+  return { envelopeId: envelope.id, token };
+};
+
+test('[TSP_GROUPING]: rejects two recipients sharing a signing order on an AES envelope', async ({ request }) => {
+  const { envelopeId, token } = await seedEnvelopeAtSignatureLevel(request, 'AES');
+
+  const response = await createRecipients(request, token, envelopeId, [{ signingOrder: 1 }, { signingOrder: 1 }]);
+
+  expect(response.status()).toBe(400);
+
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId } });
+
+  expect(recipients).toHaveLength(0);
+});
+
+test('[TSP_GROUPING]: rejects a second recipient joining an existing step on an AES envelope', async ({ request }) => {
+  const { envelopeId, token } = await seedEnvelopeAtSignatureLevel(request, 'AES');
+
+  const first = await createRecipients(request, token, envelopeId, [{ signingOrder: 1 }]);
+
+  expect(first.ok(), await first.text()).toBeTruthy();
+
+  // The payload alone looks fine — only the resulting set reveals the group.
+  const second = await createRecipients(request, token, envelopeId, [{ signingOrder: 1 }]);
+
+  expect(second.status()).toBe(400);
+
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId } });
+
+  expect(recipients).toHaveLength(1);
+});
+
+test('[TSP_GROUPING]: rejects two recipients without a signing order on a QES envelope', async ({ request }) => {
+  const { envelopeId, token } = await seedEnvelopeAtSignatureLevel(request, 'QES');
+
+  // Both land in the same tail step, so they would sign in parallel.
+  const response = await createRecipients(request, token, envelopeId, [{}, {}]);
+
+  expect(response.status()).toBe(400);
+
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId } });
+
+  expect(recipients).toHaveLength(0);
+});
+
+test('[TSP_GROUPING]: accepts distinct signing orders on an AES envelope', async ({ request }) => {
+  const { envelopeId, token } = await seedEnvelopeAtSignatureLevel(request, 'AES');
+
+  const response = await createRecipients(request, token, envelopeId, [{ signingOrder: 1 }, { signingOrder: 2 }]);
+
+  expect(response.ok(), await response.text()).toBeTruthy();
+
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId } });
+
+  expect(recipients).toHaveLength(2);
+});
+
+test('[TSP_GROUPING]: still allows signing groups on an SES envelope', async ({ request }) => {
+  const { envelopeId, token } = await seedEnvelopeAtSignatureLevel(request, 'SES');
+
+  const response = await createRecipients(request, token, envelopeId, [{ signingOrder: 1 }, { signingOrder: 1 }]);
+
+  expect(response.ok(), await response.text()).toBeTruthy();
+
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId } });
+
+  expect(recipients.map((recipient) => recipient.signingOrder)).toEqual([1, 1]);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/document-auth/assistant-grouped-dictation-ui.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, FieldType, RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import { signDirectSignaturePad } from '../fixtures/signature';
+
+/**
+ * An assistant sharing a signing step with an unsigned peer cannot dictate
+ * the next signer: the flow does not advance until the whole step completes,
+ * so the server ignores any dictated identity. The signing page must
+ * therefore not OFFER dictation in that state — historically it did, because
+ * the assistant's recipient list excludes their own group peers, and the
+ * client derived dictation eligibility from that truncated list while the
+ * server decided from the full one.
+ */
+test('[NEXT_RECIPIENT_DICTATION]: assistant with an unsigned group peer is not offered dictation', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: assistant } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: peerSigner } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: lastSigner } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { recipients, document } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [assistant, peerSigner, lastSigner],
+    recipientsCreateOptions: [
+      // The assistant shares step 1 with an unsigned peer; step 2 holds a
+      // single recipient — the exact shape where dictation looks available
+      // from the assistant's truncated recipient list.
+      { signingOrder: 1, role: RecipientRole.ASSISTANT },
+      { signingOrder: 1, role: RecipientRole.SIGNER },
+      { signingOrder: 2, role: RecipientRole.SIGNER },
+    ],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: {
+            signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL,
+            allowDictateNextSigner: true,
+          },
+          update: {
+            signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL,
+            allowDictateNextSigner: true,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  const assistantRecipient = recipients[0];
+  const lastRecipient = recipients[2];
+
+  const signUrl = `/sign/${assistantRecipient.token}`;
+
+  await page.goto(signUrl);
+  await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Assist Document' })).toBeVisible();
+
+  await page.waitForTimeout(1000);
+
+  await page.getByRole('radio', { name: assistantRecipient.name }).click();
+
+  // Fill in the assistant's own fields.
+  for (const field of assistantRecipient.fields) {
+    await page.locator(`#field-${field.id}`).getByRole('button').click();
+
+    if (field.type === FieldType.SIGNATURE) {
+      await signDirectSignaturePad(page);
+      await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign', exact: true }).click();
+    }
+
+    if (field.type === FieldType.TEXT) {
+      await page.locator('#custom-text').fill('TEXT');
+      await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }).click();
+    }
+
+    await expect(page.locator(`#field-${field.id}`)).toHaveAttribute('data-inserted', 'true');
+  }
+
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Continue' }).click();
+
+  const dialog = page.getByRole('dialog');
+
+  await expect(dialog).toBeVisible();
+
+  // The unsigned peer blocks advancement, so dictation must not be offered.
+  await expect(dialog.getByText('The next recipient to sign this document will be')).not.toBeVisible();
+  await expect(dialog.getByRole('button', { name: 'Update Recipient' })).not.toBeVisible();
+
+  // Later recipients' fields are still uninserted, so the confirm button
+  // reads "Proceed" rather than "Continue".
+  await dialog.getByRole('button', { name: /Continue|Proceed/ }).click();
+  await page.waitForURL(`${signUrl}/complete`);
+
+  // The assistant completed; nobody was renamed and the flow did not advance
+  // past the unsigned peer.
+  await expect
+    .poll(async () => {
+      const assistantAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({
+        where: { id: assistantRecipient.id },
+      });
+
+      return assistantAfter.signingStatus;
+    })
+    .toBe(SigningStatus.SIGNED);
+
+  const lastAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: lastRecipient.id } });
+
+  expect(lastAfter.name).toBe(lastRecipient.name);
+  expect(lastAfter.email).toBe(lastRecipient.email);
+
+  const envelope = await prisma.envelope.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: document.id } });
+
+  expect(envelope.status).toBe('PENDING');
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/document-auth/assistant-null-order.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+import { NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL } from '@documenso/lib/constants/app';
+import { getFieldsForToken } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/field/get-fields-for-token';
+import { signFieldWithToken } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/field/sign-field-with-token';
+import { getRecipientsForAssistant } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/recipient/get-recipients-for-assistant';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import type { Page } from '@playwright/test';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, FieldType, RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
+
+const WEBAPP_BASE_URL = NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL();
+
+/**
+ * A recipient without a signing order sits in the LAST step — the convention
+ * `effectiveOrder` encodes and the server sorts by (NULLS LAST). The
+ * assistant scoping filters must agree with it:
+ *
+ * - an ordered assistant may assist a null-order recipient (they are in the
+ *   strictly later tail step), and
+ * - a null-order assistant may assist NOBODY (nobody comes after the last
+ *   step) — historically `signingOrder ?? 0` treated them as FIRST, letting
+ *   their token prefill every ordered recipient's fields.
+ *
+ * Null orders are only produced via the API, which is why no editor-driven
+ * test covers this.
+ */
+
+const seedAssistantDocument = async (options: {
+  assistantOrder: number | null;
+  signerOrder: number | null;
+  internalVersion?: number;
+}) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: assistantUser } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: signerUser } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { recipients } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [assistantUser, signerUser],
+    recipientsCreateOptions: [
+      { signingOrder: options.assistantOrder, role: RecipientRole.ASSISTANT },
+      { signingOrder: options.signerOrder, role: RecipientRole.SIGNER },
+    ],
+    fields: [FieldType.TEXT],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      internalVersion: options.internalVersion ?? 1,
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+          update: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  // The seed returns recipients ordered by signingOrder (nulls last), so
+  // positional destructuring would swap roles — select by role instead.
+  const assistant = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT);
+  const signer = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.role === RecipientRole.SIGNER);
+
+  if (!assistant || !signer) {
+    throw new Error('Seeded recipients not found');
+  }
+
+  const signerTextField = signer.fields.find((field) => field.type === FieldType.TEXT);
+
+  if (!signerTextField) {
+    throw new Error('Seeded text field not found');
+  }
+
+  return { assistant, signer, signerTextField };
+};
+
+const callSignEnvelopeField = async (page: Page, input: { token: string; fieldId: number }) => {
+  return await page.context().request.post(`${WEBAPP_BASE_URL}/api/trpc/envelope.field.sign`, {
+    headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' },
+    data: JSON.stringify({
+      json: {
+        token: input.token,
+        fieldId: input.fieldId,
+        fieldValue: {
+          type: FieldType.TEXT,
+          value: 'TEXT',
+        },
+      },
+    }),
+  });
+};
+
+test('[ASSISTANT_NULL_ORDER]: an ordered assistant can assist a null-order (tail-step) recipient', async () => {
+  const { assistant, signer, signerTextField } = await seedAssistantDocument({
+    assistantOrder: 1,
+    signerOrder: null,
+  });
+
+  // The tail-step recipient is strictly later, so they must be assistable.
+  const assistableRecipients = await getRecipientsForAssistant({ token: assistant.token });
+
+  expect(assistableRecipients.map((recipient) => recipient.id)).toContain(signer.id);
+
+  // Their non-signature fields must be visible to the assistant.
+  const fields = await getFieldsForToken({ token: assistant.token });
+
+  expect(fields.map((field) => field.id)).toContain(signerTextField.id);
+
+  // And prefillable.
+  await signFieldWithToken({
+    token: assistant.token,
+    fieldId: signerTextField.id,
+    value: 'TEXT',
+  });
+
+  const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: signerTextField.id } });
+
+  expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(true);
+});
+
+test('[ASSISTANT_NULL_ORDER]: a null-order (tail-step) assistant cannot assist anyone', async () => {
+  const { assistant, signer, signerTextField } = await seedAssistantDocument({
+    assistantOrder: null,
+    signerOrder: 1,
+  });
+
+  // The null-order assistant sits in the last step: nobody comes after them.
+  const assistableRecipients = await getRecipientsForAssistant({ token: assistant.token });
+
+  expect(assistableRecipients.map((recipient) => recipient.id)).toEqual([assistant.id]);
+
+  // Every ordered recipient is in an EARLIER step — prefilling must fail.
+  await expect(
+    signFieldWithToken({
+      token: assistant.token,
+      fieldId: signerTextField.id,
+      value: 'TEXT',
+    }),
+  ).rejects.toThrow();
+
+  const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: signerTextField.id } });
+
+  expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(false);
+  expect(fieldAfter.id).not.toBe(signer.id); // sanity: distinct entities
+});
+
+test('[ASSISTANT_NULL_ORDER]: V2 route allows an ordered assistant to prefill a null-order recipient', async ({
+  page,
+}) => {
+  const { assistant, signerTextField } = await seedAssistantDocument({
+    assistantOrder: 1,
+    signerOrder: null,
+    internalVersion: 2,
+  });
+
+  const response = await callSignEnvelopeField(page, {
+    token: assistant.token,
+    fieldId: signerTextField.id,
+  });
+
+  expect(response.ok()).toBeTruthy();
+
+  const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: signerTextField.id } });
+
+  expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(true);
+});
+
+test('[ASSISTANT_NULL_ORDER]: V2 route rejects a null-order assistant prefilling an ordered recipient', async ({
+  page,
+}) => {
+  const { assistant, signerTextField } = await seedAssistantDocument({
+    assistantOrder: null,
+    signerOrder: 1,
+    internalVersion: 2,
+  });
+
+  const response = await callSignEnvelopeField(page, {
+    token: assistant.token,
+    fieldId: signerTextField.id,
+  });
+
+  expect(response.ok()).toBeFalsy();
+
+  const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: signerTextField.id } });
+
+  expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(false);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/document-auth/assistant-signing-groups.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+import { NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL } from '@documenso/lib/constants/app';
+import { getFieldsForToken } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/field/get-fields-for-token';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { type APIRequestContext, expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { FieldType } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import { apiSeedPendingDocument } from '../fixtures/api-seeds';
+
+const WEBAPP_BASE_URL = NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL();
+
+type SeededGroupEnvelope = {
+  assistantToken: string;
+  assistantOwnTextFieldId: number;
+  peerTextFieldId: number;
+  peerSignatureFieldId: number;
+  laterTextFieldId: number;
+  laterSignatureFieldId: number;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Seeds a pending SEQUENTIAL envelope where the ASSISTANT shares a signing
+ * step (duplicate signingOrder) with a SIGNER:
+ *
+ * - Step 1: ASSISTANT (own TEXT field) + "Peer Signer" (SIGNATURE + TEXT).
+ * - Step 2: "Later Signer" (SIGNATURE + TEXT).
+ *
+ * Product rule under signing groups: assistants only assist STRICTLY LATER
+ * steps — never their own group peers — and never insert SIGNATURE fields
+ * belonging to anyone else.
+ */
+const seedGroupedAssistantEnvelope = async (request: APIRequestContext): Promise<SeededGroupEnvelope> => {
+  const timestamp = Date.now();
+
+  const peerEmail = `peer-signer-${timestamp}@documenso.com`;
+  const laterEmail = `later-signer-${timestamp}@documenso.com`;
+
+  const { envelope, distributeResult } = await apiSeedPendingDocument(request, {
+    title: '[TEST] Grouped assistant envelope',
+    meta: {
+      signingOrder: 'SEQUENTIAL',
+    },
+    recipients: [
+      {
+        email: `assistant-${timestamp}@documenso.com`,
+        name: 'Assistant',
+        role: 'ASSISTANT',
+        signingOrder: 1,
+      },
+      {
+        email: peerEmail,
+        name: 'Peer Signer',
+        role: 'SIGNER',
+        signingOrder: 1,
+      },
+      {
+        email: laterEmail,
+        name: 'Later Signer',
+        role: 'SIGNER',
+        signingOrder: 2,
+      },
+    ],
+    fieldsPerRecipient: [
+      [{ type: FieldType.TEXT, page: 1, positionX: 5, positionY: 5, width: 5, height: 5 }],
+      [
+        { type: FieldType.SIGNATURE, page: 1, positionX: 5, positionY: 15, width: 5, height: 5 },
+        { type: FieldType.TEXT, page: 1, positionX: 5, positionY: 25, width: 5, height: 5 },
+      ],
+      [
+        { type: FieldType.SIGNATURE, page: 1, positionX: 5, positionY: 35, width: 5, height: 5 },
+        { type: FieldType.TEXT, page: 1, positionX: 5, positionY: 45, width: 5, height: 5 },
+      ],
+    ],
+  });
+
+  const assistant = distributeResult.recipients.find((r) => r.role === 'ASSISTANT');
+  const peer = distributeResult.recipients.find((r) => r.email === peerEmail);
+  const later = distributeResult.recipients.find((r) => r.email === laterEmail);
+
+  if (!assistant || !peer || !later) {
+    throw new Error('Seeded recipients not found');
+  }
+
+  const fields = await prisma.field.findMany({
+    where: { envelopeId: envelope.id },
+  });
+
+  const findField = (recipientId: number, type: FieldType) => {
+    const field = fields.find((f) => f.recipientId === recipientId && f.type === type);
+
+    if (!field) {
+      throw new Error(`Field ${type} not found for recipient ${recipientId}`);
+    }
+
+    return field;
+  };
+
+  return {
+    assistantToken: assistant.token,
+    assistantOwnTextFieldId: findField(assistant.id, FieldType.TEXT).id,
+    peerTextFieldId: findField(peer.id, FieldType.TEXT).id,
+    peerSignatureFieldId: findField(peer.id, FieldType.SIGNATURE).id,
+    laterTextFieldId: findField(later.id, FieldType.TEXT).id,
+    laterSignatureFieldId: findField(later.id, FieldType.SIGNATURE).id,
+  };
+};
+
+const trpcMutation = async (request: APIRequestContext, procedure: string, input: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+  return await request.post(`${WEBAPP_BASE_URL}/api/trpc/${procedure}`, {
+    headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' },
+    data: JSON.stringify({ json: input }),
+  });
+};
+
+test.describe('[ASSISTANT_SIGNING_GROUPS]: same-step (group peer) field access', () => {
+  test('field.signFieldWithToken (V1) rejects a group peer field', async ({ request }) => {
+    const { assistantToken, peerTextFieldId } = await seedGroupedAssistantEnvelope(request);
+
+    const res = await trpcMutation(request, 'field.signFieldWithToken', {
+      token: assistantToken,
+      fieldId: peerTextFieldId,
+      value: 'TEXT',
+      isBase64: false,
+    });
+
+    expect(res.ok()).toBeFalsy();
+
+    const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({
+      where: { id: peerTextFieldId },
+    });
+
+    expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(false);
+    expect(fieldAfter.customText).toBe('');
+  });
+
+  test('field.removeSignedFieldWithToken (V1) rejects a group peer field', async ({ request }) => {
+    const { assistantToken, peerTextFieldId } = await seedGroupedAssistantEnvelope(request);
+
+    // Pre-insert the peer's field so a successful (incorrect) uninsert is detectable.
+    await prisma.field.update({
+      where: { id: peerTextFieldId },
+      data: { inserted: true, customText: 'pre-existing-value' },
+    });
+
+    const res = await trpcMutation(request, 'field.removeSignedFieldWithToken', {
+      token: assistantToken,
+      fieldId: peerTextFieldId,
+    });
+
+    expect(res.ok()).toBeFalsy();
+
+    const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({
+      where: { id: peerTextFieldId },
+    });
+
+    expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(true);
+    expect(fieldAfter.customText).toBe('pre-existing-value');
+  });
+
+  test('envelope.field.sign (V2) rejects a group peer field', async ({ request }) => {
+    const { assistantToken, peerTextFieldId } = await seedGroupedAssistantEnvelope(request);
+
+    const res = await trpcMutation(request, 'envelope.field.sign', {
+      token: assistantToken,
+      fieldId: peerTextFieldId,
+      fieldValue: { type: FieldType.TEXT, value: 'TEXT' },
+    });
+
+    expect(res.ok()).toBeFalsy();
+
+    const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({
+      where: { id: peerTextFieldId },
+    });
+
+    expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  test('getFieldsForToken excludes group peer fields but keeps own and later-step fields', async ({ request }) => {
+    const {
+      assistantToken,
+      assistantOwnTextFieldId,
+      peerTextFieldId,
+      peerSignatureFieldId,
+      laterTextFieldId,
+      laterSignatureFieldId,
+    } = await seedGroupedAssistantEnvelope(request);
+
+    const fields = await getFieldsForToken({ token: assistantToken });
+    const fieldIds = fields.map((field) => field.id);
+
+    // Own fields and strictly-later non-signature fields remain visible.
+    expect(fieldIds).toContain(assistantOwnTextFieldId);
+    expect(fieldIds).toContain(laterTextFieldId);
+
+    // Group peer fields are never visible to the assistant.
+    expect(fieldIds).not.toContain(peerTextFieldId);
+    expect(fieldIds).not.toContain(peerSignatureFieldId);
+
+    // Signature fields of other recipients are never visible to the assistant.
+    expect(fieldIds).not.toContain(laterSignatureFieldId);
+  });
+});
+
+test.describe('[ASSISTANT_SIGNING_GROUPS]: signature fields of other recipients', () => {
+  test('field.signFieldWithToken (V1) rejects inserting a later recipient signature field', async ({ request }) => {
+    const { assistantToken, laterSignatureFieldId } = await seedGroupedAssistantEnvelope(request);
+
+    const res = await trpcMutation(request, 'field.signFieldWithToken', {
+      token: assistantToken,
+      fieldId: laterSignatureFieldId,
+      value: 'John Doe',
+      isBase64: false,
+    });
+
+    expect(res.ok()).toBeFalsy();
+
+    const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({
+      where: { id: laterSignatureFieldId },
+      include: { signature: true },
+    });
+
+    expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(false);
+    expect(fieldAfter.signature).toBeNull();
+  });
+});
+
+test.describe('[ASSISTANT_SIGNING_GROUPS]: preserved assistant abilities', () => {
+  test('field.signFieldWithToken (V1) still allows filling the assistant own field', async ({ request }) => {
+    const { assistantToken, assistantOwnTextFieldId } = await seedGroupedAssistantEnvelope(request);
+
+    const res = await trpcMutation(request, 'field.signFieldWithToken', {
+      token: assistantToken,
+      fieldId: assistantOwnTextFieldId,
+      value: 'MY OWN TEXT',
+      isBase64: false,
+    });
+
+    expect(res.ok(), await res.text()).toBeTruthy();
+
+    const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({
+      where: { id: assistantOwnTextFieldId },
+    });
+
+    expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(true);
+    expect(fieldAfter.customText).toBe('MY OWN TEXT');
+  });
+
+  test('field.signFieldWithToken (V1) still allows prefilling a later recipient text field', async ({ request }) => {
+    const { assistantToken, laterTextFieldId } = await seedGroupedAssistantEnvelope(request);
+
+    const res = await trpcMutation(request, 'field.signFieldWithToken', {
+      token: assistantToken,
+      fieldId: laterTextFieldId,
+      value: 'PREFILLED FOR LATER SIGNER',
+      isBase64: false,
+    });
+
+    expect(res.ok(), await res.text()).toBeTruthy();
+
+    const fieldAfter = await prisma.field.findUniqueOrThrow({
+      where: { id: laterTextFieldId },
+    });
+
+    expect(fieldAfter.inserted).toBe(true);
+    expect(fieldAfter.customText).toBe('PREFILLED FOR LATER SIGNER');
+  });
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/document-auth/grouped-next-recipient-dictation.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import { completeDocumentWithToken } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/document/complete-document-with-token';
+import { DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-audit-logs';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, SendStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+
+/**
+ * Dictation lets a signer rewrite who signs next. It cannot be allowed to
+ * operate on a signing group, for two reasons the server enforces separately:
+ *
+ *   1. The next step must hold exactly one recipient (`nextGroup.length === 1`),
+ *      otherwise there is no single "next signer" to rewrite.
+ *   2. A signer whose own step is still pending (a peer has not signed) does not
+ *      advance the flow at all, so they never reach the dictation branch.
+ *
+ * Both are silent — passing `nextSigner` into a state that disallows dictation
+ * is ignored rather than rejected — which is exactly why they need asserting.
+ * The existing dictation specs all drive the UI and none use a grouped step.
+ */
+
+const DICTATED_SIGNER = {
+  name: 'Dictated Signer',
+  email: 'dictated-signer@example.com',
+};
+
+const expectRecipientUpdatedAuditLogCount = async (envelopeId: string, expected: number) => {
+  const auditLogs = await prisma.documentAuditLog.findMany({
+    where: {
+      envelopeId,
+      type: DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE.RECIPIENT_UPDATED,
+    },
+  });
+
+  expect(auditLogs.length).toBe(expected);
+};
+
+const seedDictationDocument = async (signingOrders: number[]) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+
+  const signers = await Promise.all(signingOrders.map(async () => (await seedUser()).user));
+
+  const { recipients } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: signers,
+    recipientsCreateOptions: signingOrders.map((signingOrder) => ({
+      signingOrder,
+      // The seed defaults every recipient to SENT; later steps of a real
+      // SEQUENTIAL document are NOT_SENT until their step unlocks.
+      sendStatus: signingOrder === 1 ? SendStatus.SENT : SendStatus.NOT_SENT,
+    })),
+    // No fields, so completion is not blocked by unsigned required fields.
+    fields: [],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: {
+            signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL,
+            allowDictateNextSigner: true,
+          },
+          update: {
+            signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL,
+            allowDictateNextSigner: true,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  return signers.map((signer) => {
+    const recipient = recipients.find((item) => item.email === signer.email);
+
+    if (!recipient) {
+      throw new Error(`Seeded recipient ${signer.email} not found`);
+    }
+
+    return recipient;
+  });
+};
+
+test('[NEXT_RECIPIENT_DICTATION]: dictation is ignored when the next step is a group', async () => {
+  // Steps: 1 = first, 2 = two grouped recipients.
+  const [first, groupA, groupB] = await seedDictationDocument([1, 2, 2]);
+
+  await completeDocumentWithToken({
+    token: first.token,
+    id: { type: 'envelopeId', id: first.envelopeId },
+    nextSigner: DICTATED_SIGNER,
+  });
+
+  const groupAAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: groupA.id } });
+  const groupBAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: groupB.id } });
+
+  // Neither member of the group may be rewritten.
+  expect(groupAAfter.email).toBe(groupA.email);
+  expect(groupAAfter.name).toBe(groupA.name);
+  expect(groupBAfter.email).toBe(groupB.email);
+  expect(groupBAfter.name).toBe(groupB.name);
+
+  // The dictated identity must not have leaked onto anyone.
+  const dictated = await prisma.recipient.findFirst({
+    where: { envelopeId: first.envelopeId, email: DICTATED_SIGNER.email },
+  });
+
+  expect(dictated).toBeNull();
+
+  // A rewrite that did not happen must not be recorded as having happened.
+  await expectRecipientUpdatedAuditLogCount(first.envelopeId, 0);
+
+  // The group is still activated as normal — only the rewrite is suppressed.
+  expect(groupAAfter.sendStatus).toBe(SendStatus.SENT);
+  expect(groupBAfter.sendStatus).toBe(SendStatus.SENT);
+});
+
+test('[NEXT_RECIPIENT_DICTATION]: a group member cannot dictate while a peer is still unsigned', async () => {
+  // Steps: 1 = two grouped recipients, 2 = last.
+  const [groupA, groupB, last] = await seedDictationDocument([1, 1, 2]);
+
+  // The first member of the group signs while their peer is still outstanding.
+  await completeDocumentWithToken({
+    token: groupA.token,
+    id: { type: 'envelopeId', id: groupA.envelopeId },
+    nextSigner: DICTATED_SIGNER,
+  });
+
+  const lastWhilePeerPending = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({
+    where: { id: last.id },
+  });
+
+  // The step never unlocked, so there was nothing to dictate.
+  expect(lastWhilePeerPending.email).toBe(last.email);
+  expect(lastWhilePeerPending.name).toBe(last.name);
+  expect(lastWhilePeerPending.sendStatus).toBe(SendStatus.NOT_SENT);
+  await expectRecipientUpdatedAuditLogCount(groupA.envelopeId, 0);
+
+  // The peer completing the group *does* advance to a single-recipient step,
+  // so dictation applies — the positive control for the assertions above.
+  await completeDocumentWithToken({
+    token: groupB.token,
+    id: { type: 'envelopeId', id: groupB.envelopeId },
+    nextSigner: DICTATED_SIGNER,
+  });
+
+  const lastAfterGroupComplete = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({
+    where: { id: last.id },
+  });
+
+  expect(lastAfterGroupComplete.email).toBe(DICTATED_SIGNER.email);
+  expect(lastAfterGroupComplete.name).toBe(DICTATED_SIGNER.name);
+  expect(lastAfterGroupComplete.sendStatus).toBe(SendStatus.SENT);
+  await expectRecipientUpdatedAuditLogCount(groupA.envelopeId, 1);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/document-auth/viewer-next-recipient-dictation.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+import { completeDocumentWithToken } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/document/complete-document-with-token';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, RecipientRole, SendStatus, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+
+/**
+ * A viewer's completion dialog activates the next-signer validator from
+ * `allowDictateNextSigner` alone, while the name/email inputs only render
+ * when a dictatable next recipient exists. When dictation is enabled but the
+ * next step is not dictatable (a group of two or more, or the viewer is
+ * last), submission must still work — historically it failed Zod validation
+ * on the hidden inputs and "Mark as Viewed" silently did nothing.
+ */
+
+const seedViewerDictationDocument = async (
+  recipientsCreateOptions: {
+    signingOrder: number;
+    role?: RecipientRole;
+    sendStatus?: SendStatus;
+  }[],
+) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+
+  const signers = await Promise.all(recipientsCreateOptions.map(async () => (await seedUser()).user));
+
+  const { recipients, document } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: signers,
+    recipientsCreateOptions,
+    // No fields, so completion is not blocked by unsigned required fields.
+    fields: [],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: {
+            signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL,
+            allowDictateNextSigner: true,
+          },
+          update: {
+            signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL,
+            allowDictateNextSigner: true,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  return { document, recipients };
+};
+
+test('[NEXT_RECIPIENT_DICTATION]: viewer can mark as viewed when the next step is a group', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { document, recipients } = await seedViewerDictationDocument([
+    { signingOrder: 1, role: RecipientRole.VIEWER },
+    // The next step is a group of two, so there is no single dictatable next
+    // recipient — the dialog must not demand one.
+    { signingOrder: 2, sendStatus: SendStatus.NOT_SENT },
+    { signingOrder: 2, sendStatus: SendStatus.NOT_SENT },
+  ]);
+
+  const [viewer, groupA, groupB] = recipients;
+
+  const signUrl = `/sign/${viewer.token}`;
+
+  await page.goto(signUrl);
+  await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'View Document' })).toBeVisible();
+
+  const dialog = page.getByRole('dialog');
+
+  // Retry the click: it can land before hydration attaches the handler.
+  await expect(async () => {
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Mark as viewed', exact: true }).click();
+    await expect(dialog).toBeVisible({ timeout: 2_000 });
+  }).toPass();
+
+  // No dictation inputs: a group cannot be dictated over.
+  await expect(dialog.getByText('Next Recipient Name')).not.toBeVisible();
+
+  await dialog.getByRole('button', { name: 'Mark as Viewed', exact: true }).click();
+
+  await page.waitForURL(`${signUrl}/complete`);
+
+  // The viewer completed and the group's step unlocked.
+  await expect
+    .poll(async () => {
+      const updatedRecipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({
+        where: { envelopeId: document.id },
+        orderBy: { id: 'asc' },
+      });
+
+      return updatedRecipients.map((recipient) => [recipient.signingStatus, recipient.sendStatus]);
+    })
+    .toEqual([
+      [SigningStatus.SIGNED, SendStatus.SENT],
+      [SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED, SendStatus.SENT],
+      [SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED, SendStatus.SENT],
+    ]);
+
+  // Nobody was renamed: no next-signer values existed to apply.
+  const groupAAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: groupA.id } });
+  const groupBAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: groupB.id } });
+
+  expect(groupAAfter.email).toBe(groupA.email);
+  expect(groupBAfter.email).toBe(groupB.email);
+});
+
+test('[NEXT_RECIPIENT_DICTATION]: viewer can mark as viewed when they are the last recipient', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { recipients } = await seedViewerDictationDocument([
+    { signingOrder: 1 },
+    { signingOrder: 2, role: RecipientRole.VIEWER, sendStatus: SendStatus.NOT_SENT },
+  ]);
+
+  const [signer, viewer] = recipients;
+
+  // Advance the flow to the viewer's turn.
+  await completeDocumentWithToken({
+    token: signer.token,
+    id: { type: 'envelopeId', id: signer.envelopeId },
+  });
+
+  const signUrl = `/sign/${viewer.token}`;
+
+  await page.goto(signUrl);
+  await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'View Document' })).toBeVisible();
+
+  const dialog = page.getByRole('dialog');
+
+  // Retry the click: it can land before hydration attaches the handler.
+  await expect(async () => {
+    await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Mark as viewed', exact: true }).click();
+    await expect(dialog).toBeVisible({ timeout: 2_000 });
+  }).toPass();
+
+  // No dictation inputs: there is nobody after the viewer.
+  await expect(dialog.getByText('Next Recipient Name')).not.toBeVisible();
+
+  await dialog.getByRole('button', { name: 'Mark as Viewed', exact: true }).click();
+
+  await page.waitForURL(`${signUrl}/complete`);
+
+  await expect
+    .poll(async () => {
+      const viewerAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: viewer.id } });
+
+      return viewerAfter.signingStatus;
+    })
+    .toBe(SigningStatus.SIGNED);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/document-flow/legacy-editor-version-guard.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import { seedBlankDocument } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedBlankTemplate } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/templates';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+
+import { apiSignin } from '../fixtures/authentication';
+
+test('[LEGACY_EDITOR]: document legacy editor redirects to the V2 envelope', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+
+  const envelope = await seedBlankDocument(user, team.id, { internalVersion: 2 });
+
+  await apiSignin({ page, email: user.email });
+
+  // `page.goto` follows redirects and would report the destination's 200, so
+  // assert the redirect itself through the (cookie-sharing) request context.
+  const response = await page.request.get(`/t/${team.url}/documents/${envelope.id}/legacy_editor`, {
+    maxRedirects: 0,
+  });
+
+  expect(response.status()).toBe(302);
+  expect(response.headers().location).toContain(`/t/${team.url}/documents/${envelope.id}/edit`);
+});
+
+test('[LEGACY_EDITOR]: template legacy editor redirects to the V2 envelope', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+
+  const envelope = await seedBlankTemplate(user, team.id, {
+    createTemplateOptions: { internalVersion: 2 },
+  });
+
+  await apiSignin({ page, email: user.email });
+
+  // `page.goto` follows redirects and would report the destination's 200, so
+  // assert the redirect itself through the (cookie-sharing) request context.
+  const response = await page.request.get(`/t/${team.url}/templates/${envelope.id}/legacy_editor`, {
+    maxRedirects: 0,
+  });
+
+  expect(response.status()).toBe(302);
+  expect(response.headers().location).toContain(`/t/${team.url}/templates/${envelope.id}/edit`);
+});
+
+test('[LEGACY_EDITOR]: document legacy editor still loads a V1 envelope', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+
+  const envelope = await seedBlankDocument(user, team.id, { internalVersion: 1 });
+
+  await apiSignin({ page, email: user.email });
+
+  const response = await page.goto(`/t/${team.url}/documents/${envelope.id}/legacy_editor`);
+
+  expect(response?.status()).toBe(200);
+});
+
+test('[LEGACY_EDITOR]: template legacy editor still loads a V1 envelope', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+
+  const envelope = await seedBlankTemplate(user, team.id, {
+    createTemplateOptions: { internalVersion: 1 },
+  });
+
+  await apiSignin({ page, email: user.email });
+
+  const response = await page.goto(`/t/${team.url}/templates/${envelope.id}/legacy_editor`);
+
+  expect(response?.status()).toBe(200);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/envelope-editor-v2/envelope-recipient-cc-order.spec.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import {
   assertRecipientRole,
   getRecipientEmailInputs,
   getRecipientRows,
-  getSigningOrderInputs,
+  getRecipientStepCards,
   openDocumentEnvelopeEditor,
   setRecipientEmail,
   setRecipientName,
@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ const assertCcDisplayedLastWithNoOrderInput = async (root: Page) => {
   await assertRecipientRole(root, 1, 'Needs to sign');
   await assertRecipientRole(root, 2, 'Receives copy');
 
-  // Only the two signers have signing order inputs, showing 1 and 2.
+  // Only the two signers render as ordered group cards, showing groups 1 and 2.
-  await expect(getSigningOrderInputs(root)).toHaveCount(2);
+  await expect(getRecipientStepCards(root)).toHaveCount(2);
-  await expect(getSigningOrderInputs(root).nth(0)).toHaveValue('1');
+  await expect(root.getByText('Group 1', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
-  await expect(getSigningOrderInputs(root).nth(1)).toHaveValue('2');
+  await expect(root.getByText('Group 2', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
 
-  // The CC row itself renders no signing order input (placeholder div instead).
+  // The CC row itself renders outside the group cards with no drag handle.
   const ccRow = getRecipientRows(root).nth(2);
-  await expect(ccRow.locator('[data-testid="signing-order-input"]')).toHaveCount(0);
+  await expect(ccRow.locator('[data-testid="recipient-row-drag-handle"]')).toHaveCount(0);
 };
 
 test.describe('document editor', () => {
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ test.describe('document editor', () => {
     await setRecipientName(root, 1, CC_RECIPIENT.name);
     await setRecipientRole(root, 1, 'Receives copy');
 
-    // Once the row becomes CC, its signing order input disappears.
+    // Once the row becomes CC, it drops out of the ordered group cards.
-    await expect(getSigningOrderInputs(root)).toHaveCount(1);
+    await expect(getRecipientStepCards(root)).toHaveCount(1);
 
     // Add signer B third. The new row is inserted before the CC recipient,
     // which is kept last by the client-side sorting.

packages/app-tests/e2e/envelope-editor-v2/envelope-recipient-csc-grouping.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+import { nanoid } from '@documenso/lib/universal/id';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { expect, type Page, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import {
+  clickAddSignerButton,
+  dragGroupCardOntoCard,
+  getRecipientEmailInputs,
+  getRecipientStepCards,
+  moveGroupCardUp,
+  openDocumentEnvelopeEditor,
+  setRecipientEmail,
+  sweepRecipientRowOverCard,
+  type TEnvelopeEditorSurface,
+  toggleSigningOrder,
+} from '../fixtures/envelope-editor';
+
+/**
+ * Recipient signing groups are an SES feature: on AES/QES (CSC-mode)
+ * instances every signing recipient must hold a distinct signing order, so
+ * the editor must not offer the group affordances (card combine, row-to-card
+ * join) while still allowing step reordering and ungrouping of invalid
+ * API-created state.
+ */
+
+const GROUP_BADGE_TEXT = '2 recipients · any order';
+
+/**
+ * Forces the client bundle into CSC mode for this page.
+ *
+ * `IS_INSTANCE_CSC_MODE()` reads `window.__ENV__.NEXT_PUBLIC_SIGNING_TRANSPORT_IS_CSC`
+ * on the client, and `window.__ENV__` is assigned by an inline script during
+ * hydration — the property trap rewrites the flag whenever that assignment
+ * happens, regardless of script ordering.
+ *
+ * Passed as a raw string: the test runner's esbuild transform decorates
+ * serialized functions with `__name` helper calls that don't exist in the
+ * browser, which would make the script throw before installing the trap.
+ */
+const forceCscClientMode = async (page: Page) => {
+  await page.addInitScript(
+    `(() => {
+      let currentEnv;
+
+      Object.defineProperty(window, '__ENV__', {
+        configurable: true,
+        get: () => currentEnv,
+        set: (value) => {
+          currentEnv = { ...value, NEXT_PUBLIC_SIGNING_TRANSPORT_IS_CSC: 'true' };
+        },
+      });
+    })();`,
+  );
+};
+
+/**
+ * CSC envelopes are always SEQUENTIAL, but the seeded blank document defaults
+ * to PARALLEL and the signing-order toggle is hidden in CSC mode — flip the
+ * meta directly and reload so the editor renders the sequential step UI.
+ */
+const makeEnvelopeSequential = async (surface: TEnvelopeEditorSurface) => {
+  if (!surface.envelopeId) {
+    throw new Error('Expected surface to have an envelope ID');
+  }
+
+  await prisma.envelope.update({
+    where: { id: surface.envelopeId },
+    data: {
+      documentMeta: {
+        update: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  await surface.root.reload();
+};
+
+const setupTwoSequentialSigners = async (surface: TEnvelopeEditorSurface) => {
+  const { root } = surface;
+
+  await setRecipientEmail(root, 0, 'alice@example.com');
+
+  await clickAddSignerButton(root);
+  await setRecipientEmail(root, 1, 'bob@example.com');
+
+  await expect(getRecipientStepCards(root)).toHaveCount(2);
+};
+
+const expectRecipientOrders = async (surface: TEnvelopeEditorSurface, expected: Array<[string, number]>) => {
+  const { envelopeId } = surface;
+
+  if (!envelopeId) {
+    throw new Error('Expected surface to have an envelope ID');
+  }
+
+  await expect
+    .poll(
+      async () => {
+        const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({
+          where: { envelopeId },
+        });
+
+        return recipients.map((r) => [r.email, r.signingOrder] as const).sort((a, b) => a[0].localeCompare(b[0]));
+      },
+      { timeout: 15_000 },
+    )
+    .toEqual([...expected].sort((a, b) => a[0].localeCompare(b[0])));
+};
+
+test.describe('document editor (csc mode)', () => {
+  test('csc: merging step cards into a group is unavailable', async ({ page }) => {
+    await forceCscClientMode(page);
+
+    const surface = await openDocumentEnvelopeEditor(page);
+
+    await makeEnvelopeSequential(surface);
+    await setupTwoSequentialSigners(surface);
+
+    // The keyboard combine helper throws when the target card never enters
+    // the combine state — exactly what "combining is disabled" looks like.
+    await expect(dragGroupCardOntoCard(surface.root, 1, 0)).rejects.toThrow(
+      'Combine drag did not reach the target card',
+    );
+
+    await expect(surface.root.getByText(GROUP_BADGE_TEXT)).not.toBeVisible();
+    await expect(getRecipientStepCards(surface.root)).toHaveCount(2);
+
+    await expectRecipientOrders(surface, [
+      ['alice@example.com', 1],
+      ['bob@example.com', 2],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test('csc: dropping a recipient row onto a card does not join the group', async ({ page }) => {
+    await forceCscClientMode(page);
+
+    const surface = await openDocumentEnvelopeEditor(page);
+
+    await makeEnvelopeSequential(surface);
+    await setupTwoSequentialSigners(surface);
+
+    const sweep = await sweepRecipientRowOverCard(surface.root, 1, 0);
+
+    // The gap zones activating proves the drag itself was live, so the card
+    // staying inactive is a real refusal rather than a failed gesture.
+    expect(sweep.sawGapActive).toBe(true);
+    expect(sweep.sawCardActive).toBe(false);
+    expect(sweep.dropped).toBe(false);
+
+    await expect(surface.root.getByText(GROUP_BADGE_TEXT)).not.toBeVisible();
+    await expect(getRecipientStepCards(surface.root)).toHaveCount(2);
+
+    await expectRecipientOrders(surface, [
+      ['alice@example.com', 1],
+      ['bob@example.com', 2],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test('csc: step cards can still be reordered', async ({ page }) => {
+    await forceCscClientMode(page);
+
+    const surface = await openDocumentEnvelopeEditor(page);
+
+    await makeEnvelopeSequential(surface);
+    await setupTwoSequentialSigners(surface);
+
+    await moveGroupCardUp(surface.root, 1);
+
+    await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(surface.root).nth(0)).toHaveValue('bob@example.com');
+    await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(surface.root).nth(1)).toHaveValue('alice@example.com');
+
+    await expectRecipientOrders(surface, [
+      ['alice@example.com', 2],
+      ['bob@example.com', 1],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test('csc: an existing group can still be ungrouped', async ({ page }) => {
+    await forceCscClientMode(page);
+
+    const surface = await openDocumentEnvelopeEditor(page);
+
+    if (!surface.envelopeId) {
+      throw new Error('Expected surface to have an envelope ID');
+    }
+
+    // A signing group can only exist on a CSC envelope through out-of-band
+    // writes (API-created state); ungrouping must stay available to repair it.
+    await prisma.recipient.createMany({
+      data: [
+        {
+          envelopeId: surface.envelopeId,
+          email: 'alice@example.com',
+          name: 'Alice',
+          token: nanoid(),
+          signingOrder: 1,
+        },
+        {
+          envelopeId: surface.envelopeId,
+          email: 'bob@example.com',
+          name: 'Bob',
+          token: nanoid(),
+          signingOrder: 1,
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    await makeEnvelopeSequential(surface);
+
+    await expect(surface.root.getByText(GROUP_BADGE_TEXT)).toBeVisible();
+
+    const ungroupButton = surface.root.getByTestId('ungroup-step-button');
+
+    await expect(ungroupButton).toBeEnabled();
+    await ungroupButton.click();
+
+    await expect(surface.root.getByText(GROUP_BADGE_TEXT)).not.toBeVisible();
+
+    await expectRecipientOrders(surface, [
+      ['alice@example.com', 1],
+      ['bob@example.com', 2],
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+test.describe('document editor (non-csc control)', () => {
+  // Control test proving `dragRecipientRowOntoCard` performs a real join when
+  // grouping is available — without it the disabled-join test above could
+  // pass vacuously because the drag itself silently failed.
+  test('control: dropping a recipient row onto a card joins the group', async ({ page }) => {
+    const surface = await openDocumentEnvelopeEditor(page);
+    const { root } = surface;
+
+    await setRecipientEmail(root, 0, 'alice@example.com');
+
+    await clickAddSignerButton(root);
+    await setRecipientEmail(root, 1, 'bob@example.com');
+
+    await toggleSigningOrder(root, true);
+    await expect(getRecipientStepCards(root)).toHaveCount(2);
+
+    // The mouse-driven join drag is timing-sensitive under load, so retry the
+    // whole gesture until the group forms; a cancelled sweep leaves the order
+    // untouched, and a completed drop joins the two rows into one step.
+    await expect(async () => {
+      const sweep = await sweepRecipientRowOverCard(root, 1, 0);
+
+      expect(sweep.dropped).toBe(true);
+
+      await expect(root.getByText(GROUP_BADGE_TEXT)).toBeVisible({ timeout: 2_000 });
+    }).toPass({ timeout: 90_000 });
+
+    await expectRecipientOrders(surface, [
+      ['alice@example.com', 1],
+      ['bob@example.com', 1],
+    ]);
+  });
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/envelope-editor-v2/envelope-recipient-groups.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+
+import {
+  clickAddSignerButton,
+  dragGroupCardOntoCard,
+  dragRecipientRowToGap,
+  getRecipientEmailInputs,
+  getRecipientStepCards,
+  moveGroupCardUp,
+  openDocumentEnvelopeEditor,
+  openTemplateEnvelopeEditor,
+  setRecipientEmail,
+  setRecipientName,
+  type TEnvelopeEditorSurface,
+  toggleSigningOrder,
+} from '../fixtures/envelope-editor';
+
+const expectRecipientOrders = async (surface: TEnvelopeEditorSurface, expected: Array<[string, number]>) => {
+  const { envelopeId } = surface;
+
+  if (!envelopeId) {
+    throw new Error('Expected surface to have an envelope ID');
+  }
+
+  await expect
+    .poll(
+      async () => {
+        const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({
+          where: { envelopeId },
+        });
+
+        return recipients.map((r) => [r.email, r.signingOrder] as const).sort((a, b) => a[0].localeCompare(b[0]));
+      },
+      { timeout: 15_000 },
+    )
+    .toEqual([...expected].sort((a, b) => a[0].localeCompare(b[0])));
+};
+
+const runGroupingFlow = async (surface: TEnvelopeEditorSurface) => {
+  const { root } = surface;
+
+  await setRecipientEmail(root, 0, 'alice@example.com');
+  await setRecipientName(root, 0, 'Alice');
+
+  await clickAddSignerButton(root);
+  await setRecipientEmail(root, 1, 'bob@example.com');
+
+  await clickAddSignerButton(root);
+  await setRecipientEmail(root, 2, 'carol@example.com');
+
+  await toggleSigningOrder(root, true);
+
+  // Three standalone groups.
+  await expect(root.getByText('Group 1', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(root.getByText('Group 3', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
+
+  // Drag carol's card onto bob's card to merge them into one group.
+  await dragGroupCardOntoCard(root, 2, 1);
+
+  await expect(root.getByText('2 recipients · any order')).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(root.getByTestId('ungroup-step-button')).toBeVisible();
+  await expect(root.getByText('Group 3', { exact: true })).not.toBeVisible();
+
+  await expectRecipientOrders(surface, [
+    ['alice@example.com', 1],
+    ['bob@example.com', 2],
+    ['carol@example.com', 2],
+  ]);
+
+  // Groups survive a reload (grouped normalization on load).
+  await root.reload();
+  await expect(root.getByText('2 recipients · any order')).toBeVisible();
+
+  // Ungroup dissolves back into sequential groups.
+  await root.getByTestId('ungroup-step-button').click();
+
+  await expect(root.getByText('2 recipients · any order')).not.toBeVisible();
+  await expect(root.getByText('Group 3', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
+
+  await expectRecipientOrders(surface, [
+    ['alice@example.com', 1],
+    ['bob@example.com', 2],
+    ['carol@example.com', 3],
+  ]);
+
+  // Drag bob's row into the gap after the last group, moving him to the end.
+  await dragRecipientRowToGap(root, 1, 3);
+
+  await expectRecipientOrders(surface, [
+    ['alice@example.com', 1],
+    ['bob@example.com', 3],
+    ['carol@example.com', 2],
+  ]);
+};
+
+test.describe('document editor', () => {
+  test('documents: group recipients via drag and drop and ungroup', async ({ page }) => {
+    const surface = await openDocumentEnvelopeEditor(page);
+
+    await runGroupingFlow(surface);
+  });
+
+  test('documents: reordered group cards can still be dragged', async ({ page }) => {
+    const surface = await openDocumentEnvelopeEditor(page);
+    const { root } = surface;
+
+    await setRecipientEmail(root, 0, 'alice@example.com');
+    await clickAddSignerButton(root);
+    await setRecipientEmail(root, 1, 'bob@example.com');
+
+    await toggleSigningOrder(root, true);
+    await expect(getRecipientStepCards(root)).toHaveCount(2);
+
+    // Move bob's card into position 1.
+    await moveGroupCardUp(root, 1);
+
+    await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(root).nth(0)).toHaveValue('bob@example.com');
+    await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(root).nth(1)).toHaveValue('alice@example.com');
+
+    // Regression: after a reorder, the card moved into position 2 must still
+    // be draggable — positional drag-and-drop ids used to go stale on mounted
+    // cards, silently killing their drag handles. Prove it by completing a
+    // merge with the repositioned card.
+    await dragGroupCardOntoCard(root, 1, 0);
+
+    await expect(root.getByText('2 recipients · any order')).toBeVisible();
+  });
+});
+
+test.describe('template editor', () => {
+  test('templates: group recipients via drag and drop and ungroup', async ({ page }) => {
+    const surface = await openTemplateEnvelopeEditor(page);
+
+    await runGroupingFlow(surface);
+  });
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/envelope-editor-v2/envelope-recipient-id-stability.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-audit-logs';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+
+import {
+  clickAddSignerButton,
+  openDocumentEnvelopeEditor,
+  openTemplateEnvelopeEditor,
+  setRecipientEmail,
+  setRecipientName,
+  type TEnvelopeEditorSurface,
+} from '../fixtures/envelope-editor';
+
+/**
+ * A newly added recipient is created by the first autosave, and the editor
+ * must adopt the server-assigned id for subsequent saves. Historically the id
+ * was never synced back into the form while staying on the recipients step,
+ * so every following autosave resent the signer id-less — the server deleted
+ * the previously created row and recreated it with a fresh id and signing
+ * token, polluting the audit log with removed/added pairs on every edit.
+ */
+
+const getRecipientByEmail = async (surface: TEnvelopeEditorSurface, email: string) => {
+  const { envelopeId } = surface;
+
+  if (!envelopeId) {
+    throw new Error('Expected surface to have an envelope ID');
+  }
+
+  await expect.poll(async () => prisma.recipient.count({ where: { envelopeId, email } }), { timeout: 15_000 }).toBe(1);
+
+  return await prisma.recipient.findFirstOrThrow({ where: { envelopeId, email } });
+};
+
+const waitForRecipientName = async (surface: TEnvelopeEditorSurface, email: string, name: string) => {
+  await expect
+    .poll(
+      async () => {
+        const recipient = await prisma.recipient.findFirst({
+          where: { envelopeId: surface.envelopeId, email },
+        });
+
+        return recipient?.name;
+      },
+      { timeout: 15_000 },
+    )
+    .toBe(name);
+};
+
+test.describe('document editor', () => {
+  test('documents: recipient id and token remain stable across autosaves', async ({ page }) => {
+    const surface = await openDocumentEnvelopeEditor(page);
+    const { root, envelopeId } = surface;
+
+    await setRecipientEmail(root, 0, 'alice@example.com');
+    await setRecipientName(root, 0, 'Alice');
+
+    const aliceInitial = await getRecipientByEmail(surface, 'alice@example.com');
+
+    // Edit while staying on the recipients step: the same row must be
+    // updated, not deleted and recreated.
+    await setRecipientName(root, 0, 'Alice Two');
+    await waitForRecipientName(surface, 'alice@example.com', 'Alice Two');
+
+    const aliceAfterEdit = await getRecipientByEmail(surface, 'alice@example.com');
+
+    expect(aliceAfterEdit.id).toBe(aliceInitial.id);
+    expect(aliceAfterEdit.token).toBe(aliceInitial.token);
+
+    // Adding another signer resends the whole set — alice must survive it,
+    // and bob must then survive an edit to alice.
+    await clickAddSignerButton(root);
+    await setRecipientEmail(root, 1, 'bob@example.com');
+
+    const bobInitial = await getRecipientByEmail(surface, 'bob@example.com');
+
+    await setRecipientName(root, 0, 'Alice Three');
+    await waitForRecipientName(surface, 'alice@example.com', 'Alice Three');
+
+    const aliceFinal = await getRecipientByEmail(surface, 'alice@example.com');
+    const bobFinal = await getRecipientByEmail(surface, 'bob@example.com');
+
+    expect(aliceFinal.id).toBe(aliceInitial.id);
+    expect(aliceFinal.token).toBe(aliceInitial.token);
+    expect(bobFinal.id).toBe(bobInitial.id);
+    expect(bobFinal.token).toBe(bobInitial.token);
+
+    // One creation per recipient and zero deletions in the audit trail.
+    const auditLogs = await prisma.documentAuditLog.findMany({
+      where: {
+        envelopeId,
+        type: {
+          in: [DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE.RECIPIENT_CREATED, DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE.RECIPIENT_DELETED],
+        },
+      },
+    });
+
+    const createdCount = auditLogs.filter((log) => log.type === DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE.RECIPIENT_CREATED).length;
+    const deletedCount = auditLogs.filter((log) => log.type === DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE.RECIPIENT_DELETED).length;
+
+    expect(deletedCount).toBe(0);
+    expect(createdCount).toBe(2);
+  });
+});
+
+test.describe('template editor', () => {
+  test('templates: recipient id and token remain stable across autosaves', async ({ page }) => {
+    const surface = await openTemplateEnvelopeEditor(page);
+    const { root } = surface;
+
+    await setRecipientEmail(root, 0, 'alice@example.com');
+    await setRecipientName(root, 0, 'Alice');
+
+    const aliceInitial = await getRecipientByEmail(surface, 'alice@example.com');
+
+    await setRecipientName(root, 0, 'Alice Two');
+    await waitForRecipientName(surface, 'alice@example.com', 'Alice Two');
+
+    const aliceAfterEdit = await getRecipientByEmail(surface, 'alice@example.com');
+
+    expect(aliceAfterEdit.id).toBe(aliceInitial.id);
+    expect(aliceAfterEdit.token).toBe(aliceInitial.token);
+  });
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/envelope-editor-v2/envelope-recipient-locked-steps.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import { apiSignin } from '../fixtures/authentication';
+import { getRecipientStepCards } from '../fixtures/envelope-editor';
+
+/**
+ * Signing is sequential, so a recipient who has already acted is at or before
+ * the current step. Those steps hold persisted signing orders that the server
+ * will not let us rewrite, so ordering is locked up to and including the last
+ * of them. Later steps can only contain recipients who have not acted, so they
+ * stay fully rearrangeable.
+ */
+
+test('[LOCKED_STEPS]: ordering is locked up to the signed step and free afterwards', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: signed } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: signedPeer } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: pendingB } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: pendingC } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { document } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [signed, signedPeer, pendingB, pendingC],
+    recipientsCreateOptions: [
+      // Step 1 is a group, and one of its members has signed.
+      { signingOrder: 1, signingStatus: SigningStatus.SIGNED },
+      { signingOrder: 1, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+      { signingOrder: 2, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+      { signingOrder: 3, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+    ],
+    fields: [],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      internalVersion: 2,
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+          update: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  await apiSignin({
+    page,
+    email: user.email,
+    redirectPath: `/t/${team.url}/documents/${document.id}/edit?step=uploadAndRecipients`,
+  });
+
+  await expect(getRecipientStepCards(page)).toHaveCount(3);
+
+  const stepHandles = page.getByTestId('step-drag-handle');
+
+  // Step 1 contains a signed recipient, so it is locked.
+  await expect(stepHandles.nth(0)).toHaveClass(/pointer-events-none/);
+
+  // Its ungroup control is unavailable too — splitting it would rewrite the
+  // signed recipient's persisted order.
+  await expect(page.getByTestId('ungroup-step-button')).toBeDisabled();
+
+  // Steps after it hold only recipients who cannot have acted yet.
+  await expect(stepHandles.nth(1)).not.toHaveClass(/pointer-events-none/);
+  await expect(stepHandles.nth(2)).not.toHaveClass(/pointer-events-none/);
+
+  // Nothing was rewritten by simply opening the editor.
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId: document.id } });
+
+  expect(recipients.find((r) => r.email === signed.email)?.signingOrder).toBe(1);
+  expect(recipients.find((r) => r.email === signedPeer.email)?.signingOrder).toBe(1);
+  expect(recipients.find((r) => r.email === pendingB.email)?.signingOrder).toBe(2);
+  expect(recipients.find((r) => r.email === pendingC.email)?.signingOrder).toBe(3);
+});
+
+/**
+ * A signed recipient can sit out of sequence — a direct template signs at its
+ * own template order, field insertion has no turn check, and a document can be
+ * switched from parallel to sequential mid-flight. The rule is "up to and
+ * including the last signed step" rather than "the signed prefix" precisely so
+ * these stay safe: the earlier unsigned step is locked too.
+ */
+test('[LOCKED_STEPS]: a signed recipient mid-sequence locks the steps before it', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: firstPending } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: signedSecond } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: lastPending } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { document } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [firstPending, signedSecond, lastPending],
+    recipientsCreateOptions: [
+      { signingOrder: 1, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+      { signingOrder: 2, signingStatus: SigningStatus.SIGNED },
+      { signingOrder: 3, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+    ],
+    fields: [],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      internalVersion: 2,
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+          update: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  await apiSignin({
+    page,
+    email: user.email,
+    redirectPath: `/t/${team.url}/documents/${document.id}/edit?step=uploadAndRecipients`,
+  });
+
+  await expect(getRecipientStepCards(page)).toHaveCount(3);
+
+  const stepHandles = page.getByTestId('step-drag-handle');
+
+  // Step 1 has no signed recipient, but it sits before one — moving it would
+  // reshuffle the signed recipient's position, so it is locked as well.
+  await expect(stepHandles.nth(0)).toHaveClass(/pointer-events-none/);
+  await expect(stepHandles.nth(1)).toHaveClass(/pointer-events-none/);
+
+  // Only the step after the signed one remains movable.
+  await expect(stepHandles.nth(2)).not.toHaveClass(/pointer-events-none/);
+});
+
+test('[LOCKED_STEPS]: every step stays draggable when nobody has signed', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: first } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: second } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { document } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [first, second],
+    recipientsCreateOptions: [
+      { signingOrder: 1, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+      { signingOrder: 2, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+    ],
+    fields: [],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      internalVersion: 2,
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+          update: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  await apiSignin({
+    page,
+    email: user.email,
+    redirectPath: `/t/${team.url}/documents/${document.id}/edit?step=uploadAndRecipients`,
+  });
+
+  await expect(getRecipientStepCards(page)).toHaveCount(2);
+
+  const stepHandles = page.getByTestId('step-drag-handle');
+
+  await expect(stepHandles.nth(0)).not.toHaveClass(/pointer-events-none/);
+  await expect(stepHandles.nth(1)).not.toHaveClass(/pointer-events-none/);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/envelope-editor-v2/envelope-recipient-null-order-hydration.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import { apiSignin } from '../fixtures/authentication';
+import { getRecipientEmailInputs, getRecipientStepCards, setRecipientName } from '../fixtures/envelope-editor';
+
+/**
+ * A recipient with no persisted signing order means "last" everywhere on the
+ * server (queries sort NULLS LAST, and `effectiveOrder` maps null to the end).
+ * The editor must not invent an order from array position: the guess can land
+ * on a real order — which now means "same signing step" — or move the
+ * recipient ahead of one that was meant to sign first.
+ */
+
+const seedMixedOrderEnvelope = async (options: { firstOrder: number }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: ordered } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: unordered } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { document } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [ordered, unordered],
+    recipientsCreateOptions: [
+      { signingOrder: options.firstOrder, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+      // Created second, so it takes the higher id — this is the position the
+      // editor used to turn into `index + 1`.
+      { signingOrder: null, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+    ],
+    fields: [],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      internalVersion: 2,
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+          update: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  return { user, team, document, orderedEmail: ordered.email, unorderedEmail: unordered.email };
+};
+
+test('[NULL_ORDER_HYDRATION]: a null-order recipient does not join an existing step', async ({ page }) => {
+  // The unordered recipient sits at index 1, so `index + 1` would collide with
+  // the persisted order 2 and render the two as one group.
+  const { user, team, document, orderedEmail, unorderedEmail } = await seedMixedOrderEnvelope({ firstOrder: 2 });
+
+  await apiSignin({
+    page,
+    email: user.email,
+    redirectPath: `/t/${team.url}/documents/${document.id}/edit?step=uploadAndRecipients`,
+  });
+
+  await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(page)).toHaveCount(2);
+
+  // Two independent steps, not a single group.
+  await expect(getRecipientStepCards(page)).toHaveCount(2);
+  await expect(page.getByText('2 recipients · any order')).not.toBeVisible();
+
+  // Persisted orders must stay distinct once the editor saves.
+  await setRecipientName(page, 1, 'Renamed Unordered');
+
+  await expect
+    .poll(async () => {
+      const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId: document.id } });
+
+      return recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === unorderedEmail)?.name;
+    })
+    .toBe('Renamed Unordered');
+
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId: document.id } });
+
+  const orderedRecipient = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === orderedEmail);
+  const unorderedRecipient = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === unorderedEmail);
+
+  expect(orderedRecipient?.signingOrder).not.toBe(unorderedRecipient?.signingOrder);
+});
+
+test('[NULL_ORDER_HYDRATION]: a null-order recipient stays last', async ({ page }) => {
+  // Persisted order 3 with the unordered recipient at index 1: `index + 1`
+  // would give it 2 and move it ahead of the recipient meant to sign first.
+  const { user, team, document, orderedEmail, unorderedEmail } = await seedMixedOrderEnvelope({ firstOrder: 3 });
+
+  await apiSignin({
+    page,
+    email: user.email,
+    redirectPath: `/t/${team.url}/documents/${document.id}/edit?step=uploadAndRecipients`,
+  });
+
+  await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(page)).toHaveCount(2);
+
+  // The ordered recipient must still be shown first.
+  await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(page).nth(0)).toHaveValue(orderedEmail);
+  await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(page).nth(1)).toHaveValue(unorderedEmail);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/envelope-editor-v2/envelope-recipients.spec.ts

@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@ import {
   clickAddMyselfButton,
   clickAddSignerButton,
   clickEnvelopeEditorStep,
+  dragRecipientRowToGap,
   getEnvelopeEditorSettingsTrigger,
   getRecipientEmailInputs,
   getRecipientNameInputs,
   getRecipientRemoveButtons,
-  getSigningOrderInputs,
+  getRecipientStepCards,
   openDocumentEnvelopeEditor,
   openEmbeddedEnvelopeEditor,
   openTemplateEnvelopeEditor,
@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ import {
   setRecipientEmail,
   setRecipientName,
   setRecipientRole,
-  setSigningOrderValue,
   type TEnvelopeEditorSurface,
   toggleAllowDictateSigners,
   toggleSigningOrder,
@@ -112,46 +112,71 @@ const runRecipientFlow = async (surface: TEnvelopeEditorSurface): Promise<Recipi
   await setRecipientRole(surface.root, 1, 'Needs to approve');
   await setRecipientRole(surface.root, 2, 'Receives copy');
 
+  // The role selects must reflect the change immediately, without requiring a
+  // navigation or reload (regression: leaf controllers going stale after a
+  // root-level signers array update).
+  await assertRecipientRole(surface.root, 1, 'Needs to approve');
+  await assertRecipientRole(surface.root, 2, 'Receives copy');
+
   await getRecipientRemoveButtons(surface.root).nth(2).click();
   await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(surface.root)).toHaveCount(2);
 
   await toggleSigningOrder(surface.root, true);
-  await expect(getSigningOrderInputs(surface.root)).toHaveCount(2);
+  await expect(getRecipientStepCards(surface.root)).toHaveCount(2);
-  await setSigningOrderValue(surface.root, 0, 2);
+
+  // Reordering is drag-only. Pointer-emulated drags are unreliable inside the
+  // embedded authoring surface (its inner scroll container auto-scrolls and
+  // cancels the emulated drag), so the drag-swap is exercised on the native
+  // surfaces only — the same component drives all surfaces.
+  const shouldSwapViaDrag = !surface.isEmbedded;
+
+  if (shouldSwapViaDrag) {
+    // Let the debounced autosave from the edits above land before dragging —
+    // the editor re-rendering mid-drag would cancel the drag.
+    await surface.root.waitForTimeout(1500);
+
+    // Drag the first recipient's row into the gap after the last group,
+    // swapping the two.
+    await dragRecipientRowToGap(surface.root, 0, 2);
+  }
 
   await toggleAllowDictateSigners(surface.root, true);
 
   await navigateToAddFieldsAndBack(surface.root);
 
+  const [firstRecipient, secondRecipient] = shouldSwapViaDrag
+    ? [TEST_RECIPIENT_VALUES.secondRecipient, primaryRecipient]
+    : [primaryRecipient, TEST_RECIPIENT_VALUES.secondRecipient];
+
   await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(surface.root)).toHaveCount(2);
-  await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(surface.root).nth(0)).toHaveValue(TEST_RECIPIENT_VALUES.secondRecipient.email);
+  await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(surface.root).nth(0)).toHaveValue(firstRecipient.email);
-  await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(surface.root).nth(1)).toHaveValue(primaryRecipient.email);
+  await expect(getRecipientEmailInputs(surface.root).nth(1)).toHaveValue(secondRecipient.email);
 
-  await expect(getRecipientNameInputs(surface.root).nth(0)).toHaveValue(TEST_RECIPIENT_VALUES.secondRecipient.name);
+  await expect(getRecipientNameInputs(surface.root).nth(0)).toHaveValue(firstRecipient.name);
-  await expect(getRecipientNameInputs(surface.root).nth(1)).toHaveValue(primaryRecipient.name);
+  await expect(getRecipientNameInputs(surface.root).nth(1)).toHaveValue(secondRecipient.name);
 
-  await assertRecipientRole(surface.root, 0, 'Needs to approve');
+  await assertRecipientRole(surface.root, 0, shouldSwapViaDrag ? 'Needs to approve' : 'Needs to sign');
-  await assertRecipientRole(surface.root, 1, 'Needs to sign');
+  await assertRecipientRole(surface.root, 1, shouldSwapViaDrag ? 'Needs to sign' : 'Needs to approve');
 
   await expect(surface.root.locator('#signingOrder')).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
   await expect(surface.root.locator('#allowDictateNextSigner')).toHaveAttribute('aria-checked', 'true');
-  await expect(getSigningOrderInputs(surface.root).nth(0)).toHaveValue('1');
+  await expect(surface.root.getByText('Group 1', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
-  await expect(getSigningOrderInputs(surface.root).nth(1)).toHaveValue('2');
+  await expect(surface.root.getByText('Group 2', { exact: true })).toBeVisible();
 
   return {
     externalId,
     removedRecipientEmail: TEST_RECIPIENT_VALUES.thirdRecipient.email,
     expectedRecipientsBySigningOrder: [
       {
-        email: TEST_RECIPIENT_VALUES.secondRecipient.email,
+        email: firstRecipient.email,
-        name: TEST_RECIPIENT_VALUES.secondRecipient.name,
+        name: firstRecipient.name,
-        role: RecipientRole.APPROVER,
+        role: shouldSwapViaDrag ? RecipientRole.APPROVER : RecipientRole.SIGNER,
         signingOrder: 1,
       },
       {
-        email: primaryRecipient.email,
+        email: secondRecipient.email,
-        name: primaryRecipient.name,
+        name: secondRecipient.name,
-        role: RecipientRole.SIGNER,
+        role: shouldSwapViaDrag ? RecipientRole.SIGNER : RecipientRole.APPROVER,
         signingOrder: 2,
       },
     ],

packages/app-tests/e2e/fixtures/envelope-editor.ts

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import { DEFAULT_EMBEDDED_EDITOR_CONFIG } from '@documenso/lib/types/envelope-ed
 import { seedBlankDocument } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
 import { seedBlankTemplate } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/templates';
 import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
-import type { Page } from '@playwright/test';
+import type { Locator, Page } from '@playwright/test';
 import { expect } from '@playwright/test';
 
 import { apiSignin } from './authentication';
@@ -264,8 +264,6 @@ export const getRecipientRows = (root: Page) =>
 
 export const getRecipientRemoveButtons = (root: Page) => root.locator('[data-testid="remove-signer-button"]');
 
-export const getSigningOrderInputs = (root: Page) => root.locator('[data-testid="signing-order-input"]');
-
 export const clickEnvelopeEditorStep = async (root: Page, stepId: 'upload' | 'addFields' | 'preview') => {
   await root.waitForTimeout(200);
   await root.locator(`[data-testid="envelope-editor-step-${stepId}"]`).first().click();
@@ -335,10 +333,334 @@ export const toggleAllowDictateSigners = async (root: Page, enabled: boolean) =>
   }
 };
 
-export const setSigningOrderValue = async (root: Page, index: number, value: number) => {
+/**
-  const input = getSigningOrderInputs(root).nth(index);
+ * Performs a mouse-based drag from a drag handle onto a target element.
-  await input.fill(value.toString());
+ *
-  await input.blur();
+ * `@hello-pangea/dnd` only starts a drag once the pointer travels a small
+ * distance while pressed, and it hit-tests drop targets using the CENTRE of
+ * the dragged element — not the cursor. Since drag handles sit at the edge of
+ * wide rows/cards, the cursor destination is compensated so the dragged
+ * element's centre lands on the target's centre.
+ */
+export const dragHandleToTarget = async (
+  root: Page,
+  handle: Locator,
+  target: Locator,
+  options: { activeClass: string },
+) => {
+  const { activeClass } = options;
+
+  await handle.scrollIntoViewIfNeeded();
+
+  const handleBox = await handle.boundingBox();
+
+  if (!handleBox) {
+    throw new Error('Unable to resolve drag handle position');
+  }
+
+  const startX = handleBox.x + handleBox.width / 2;
+  const startY = handleBox.y + handleBox.height / 2;
+
+  await root.mouse.move(startX, startY);
+  await root.mouse.down();
+
+  // Exceed the drag activation threshold, then wait for drag-dependent layout
+  // (e.g. expanding gap drop-zones) to settle before resolving positions.
+  const cursorX = startX + 8;
+  const cursorY = startY;
+
+  await root.mouse.move(cursorX, cursorY, { steps: 2 });
+  await root.waitForTimeout(300);
+
+  // The dragged element is the handle's draggable ancestor; while dragging it
+  // is fixed-positioned and follows the cursor at a constant offset. Drop
+  // targeting uses the dragged element's CENTRE, not the cursor, so the
+  // cursor destination is compensated by that offset.
+  const draggedElement = handle.locator('xpath=ancestor-or-self::*[@data-rfd-draggable-id][1]');
+  const draggedBox = await draggedElement.boundingBox();
+  const targetBox = await target.boundingBox();
+
+  if (!draggedBox || !targetBox) {
+    await root.mouse.up();
+
+    throw new Error('Unable to resolve drag positions');
+  }
+
+  const itemOffsetX = draggedBox.x + draggedBox.width / 2 - cursorX;
+  const itemOffsetY = draggedBox.y + draggedBox.height / 2 - cursorY;
+
+  const hasBecomeActive = async () => {
+    const className = await target.getAttribute('class');
+
+    return Boolean(className?.includes(activeClass));
+  };
+
+  // The highlight class is rendered from the library's own drag state, so it
+  // cannot disagree with where a drop will land — both phases below only drop
+  // once the target reports the drag as over it AND that state survives a
+  // short confirmation dwell (it can flicker while crossing a card's
+  // reorder/combine boundary).
+  //
+  // The cursor is always clamped inside the viewport: moving outside the
+  // window cancels the drag (pointercancel), and holding near the bottom edge
+  // lets the library auto-scroll the target up to the cursor instead.
+  const viewportHeight = root.viewportSize()?.height ?? 720;
+  const maxCursorY = viewportHeight - 40;
+
+  const confirmAndDrop = async () => {
+    if (!(await hasBecomeActive())) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    await root.waitForTimeout(150);
+
+    if (!(await hasBecomeActive())) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    await root.mouse.up();
+
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  let hasDropped = false;
+
+  // Crawl-and-drop: approach from above and inch downward through the
+  // corridor. Captured drop-target geometry can drift a few pixels from the
+  // live layout for small targets, so a slow traversal is the reliable way to
+  // hit them.
+  const crawlX = targetBox.x + targetBox.width / 2 - itemOffsetX;
+  const crawlStartY = Math.min(targetBox.y + targetBox.height / 2 - itemOffsetY - 140, maxCursorY);
+
+  await root.mouse.move(crawlX, crawlStartY, { steps: 15 });
+  await root.waitForTimeout(150);
+
+  for (let step = 1; step <= 80; step += 1) {
+    if (await confirmAndDrop()) {
+      hasDropped = true;
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+    await root.mouse.move(crawlX, Math.min(crawlStartY + step * 6, maxCursorY), { steps: 2 });
+    await root.waitForTimeout(70);
+  }
+
+  if (!hasDropped) {
+    await root.mouse.up();
+  }
+
+  await root.waitForTimeout(400);
+};
+
+export const getRecipientStepCards = (root: Page) => root.locator('[data-testid="recipient-step-card"]');
+
+export const getRecipientStepGaps = (root: Page) => root.locator('[data-testid="recipient-step-gap"]');
+
+export const getStepDragHandles = (root: Page) => root.locator('[data-testid="step-drag-handle"]');
+
+export const getRecipientRowDragHandles = (root: Page) => root.locator('[data-testid="recipient-row-drag-handle"]');
+
+/**
+ * Drags a whole group card onto another card, merging the two groups.
+ *
+ * Uses @hello-pangea/dnd's keyboard drag mode: mouse-emulated combines are
+ * unreliable because approaching a card traverses its reorder edge, which
+ * displaces the target away from the cursor. Keyboard drags step through
+ * positions (including combine states) deterministically.
+ */
+export const dragGroupCardOntoCard = async (root: Page, sourceCardIndex: number, targetCardIndex: number) => {
+  const handle = getStepDragHandles(root).nth(sourceCardIndex);
+  const target = getRecipientStepCards(root).nth(targetCardIndex);
+
+  await handle.scrollIntoViewIfNeeded();
+  await handle.focus();
+
+  // Lift.
+  await root.keyboard.press('Space');
+  await root.waitForTimeout(250);
+
+  const direction = targetCardIndex < sourceCardIndex ? 'ArrowUp' : 'ArrowDown';
+
+  for (let press = 0; press < 4; press += 1) {
+    await root.keyboard.press(direction);
+    await root.waitForTimeout(250);
+
+    const targetClassName = await target.getAttribute('class');
+
+    if (targetClassName?.includes('ring-primary')) {
+      // Drop while the target reports the combine state.
+      await root.keyboard.press('Space');
+      await root.waitForTimeout(400);
+
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  await root.keyboard.press('Escape');
+
+  throw new Error('Combine drag did not reach the target card');
+};
+
+/**
+ * Moves a group card one position up via keyboard drag. With combining
+ * enabled, the first ArrowUp enters the combine state with the card above and
+ * the second moves above it.
+ */
+export const moveGroupCardUp = async (root: Page, cardIndex: number) => {
+  const handle = getStepDragHandles(root).nth(cardIndex);
+
+  await handle.scrollIntoViewIfNeeded();
+  await handle.focus();
+
+  await root.keyboard.press('Space');
+  await root.waitForTimeout(250);
+  await root.keyboard.press('ArrowUp');
+  await root.waitForTimeout(250);
+  await root.keyboard.press('ArrowUp');
+  await root.waitForTimeout(250);
+  await root.keyboard.press('Space');
+  await root.waitForTimeout(400);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Drags a recipient row into a gap between group cards, extracting it into
+ * its own standalone group at that position.
+ */
+export const dragRecipientRowToGap = async (root: Page, rowIndex: number, gapIndex: number) => {
+  await dragHandleToTarget(
+    root,
+    getRecipientRowDragHandles(root).nth(rowIndex),
+    getRecipientStepGaps(root).nth(gapIndex),
+    // The marker class applied to a gap drop-zone while dragged over.
+    { activeClass: 'gap-active' },
+  );
+};
+
+export type SweepRecipientRowOverCardResult = {
+  /**
+   * Whether any gap drop-zone activated during the sweep — proof the drag
+   * gesture itself was live, so "the card never activated" cannot be a
+   * false negative from a drag that silently failed to start.
+   */
+  sawGapActive: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Whether the target card reported the row as a join target (`ring-primary`).
+   */
+  sawCardActive: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Whether the row was dropped onto the card (only when it became active).
+   */
+  dropped: boolean;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Drags a recipient row across a group card's body, dropping it to join the
+ * group as soon as the card activates. If the card never activates (e.g. the
+ * join drop-zone is disabled), the drag is cancelled with Escape so no
+ * accidental gap-drop mutates the order.
+ *
+ * Unlike `dragHandleToTarget`'s fixed-interval crawl, each sweep position
+ * polls for activation with a generous budget, which keeps the gesture
+ * reliable when rendering lags under parallel test load.
+ */
+export const sweepRecipientRowOverCard = async (
+  root: Page,
+  rowIndex: number,
+  cardIndex: number,
+): Promise<SweepRecipientRowOverCardResult> => {
+  const handle = getRecipientRowDragHandles(root).nth(rowIndex);
+  const card = getRecipientStepCards(root).nth(cardIndex);
+
+  const result: SweepRecipientRowOverCardResult = {
+    sawGapActive: false,
+    sawCardActive: false,
+    dropped: false,
+  };
+
+  await handle.scrollIntoViewIfNeeded();
+
+  const handleBox = await handle.boundingBox();
+
+  if (!handleBox) {
+    throw new Error('Unable to resolve drag handle position');
+  }
+
+  const startX = handleBox.x + handleBox.width / 2;
+  const startY = handleBox.y + handleBox.height / 2;
+
+  await root.mouse.move(startX, startY);
+  await root.mouse.down();
+
+  // Exceed the drag activation threshold, then wait for drag-dependent
+  // layout (expanding drop-zones) to settle before resolving positions.
+  const cursorX = startX + 8;
+  const cursorY = startY;
+
+  await root.mouse.move(cursorX, cursorY, { steps: 2 });
+  await root.waitForTimeout(300);
+
+  // Drop targeting uses the dragged element's CENTRE, not the cursor, so
+  // cursor destinations are compensated by the constant cursor-to-centre
+  // offset captured at lift time.
+  const draggedElement = handle.locator('xpath=ancestor-or-self::*[@data-rfd-draggable-id][1]');
+  const draggedBox = await draggedElement.boundingBox();
+  const cardBox = await card.boundingBox();
+
+  if (!draggedBox || !cardBox) {
+    await root.mouse.up();
+
+    throw new Error('Unable to resolve drag positions');
+  }
+
+  const itemOffsetX = draggedBox.x + draggedBox.width / 2 - cursorX;
+  const itemOffsetY = draggedBox.y + draggedBox.height / 2 - cursorY;
+
+  const sweepX = cardBox.x + cardBox.width / 2 - itemOffsetX;
+  const sweepFromY = cardBox.y - itemOffsetY - 40;
+  const sweepToY = cardBox.y + cardBox.height - itemOffsetY + 80;
+
+  await root.mouse.move(sweepX, sweepFromY, { steps: 15 });
+
+  for (let y = sweepFromY; y <= sweepToY && !result.dropped; y += 8) {
+    await root.mouse.move(sweepX, y, { steps: 2 });
+
+    // Poll for activation: drag state is rendered on animation frames, so
+    // under load the classes can trail the cursor by hundreds of ms.
+    for (let tick = 0; tick < 6; tick += 1) {
+      const cardClassName = (await card.getAttribute('class')) ?? '';
+
+      if (cardClassName.includes('ring-primary')) {
+        result.sawCardActive = true;
+
+        await root.mouse.up();
+
+        result.dropped = true;
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      if (!result.sawGapActive) {
+        const activeGapCount = await root.locator('[data-testid="recipient-step-gap"].gap-active').count();
+
+        result.sawGapActive = activeGapCount > 0;
+      }
+
+      await root.waitForTimeout(50);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!result.dropped) {
+    // Cancel rather than release: releasing over an active gap would extract
+    // the row into a new step, silently mutating the signing order.
+    await root.keyboard.press('Escape');
+    await root.waitForTimeout(100);
+    await root.mouse.up();
+  }
+
+  await root.waitForTimeout(400);
+
+  return result;
 };
 
 export const persistEmbeddedEnvelope = async (surface: TEnvelopeEditorSurface) => {

packages/app-tests/e2e/recipient/rejected-recipient-advancement.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import { completeDocumentWithToken } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/document/complete-document-with-token';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+
+/**
+ * Rejecting a document only marks the recipient; the envelope is moved to
+ * REJECTED later, asynchronously, by the seal job. Until that lands the
+ * envelope is still PENDING, so another recipient can complete and the
+ * advancement logic runs with a REJECTED recipient in the list.
+ *
+ * That recipient must never be treated as the next signing group — doing so
+ * re-marks them as sent and emails them a signing request for a document they
+ * declined. (For rejected TSP envelopes the seal job always throws, so this
+ * state is permanent rather than a narrow race.)
+ */
+
+const expectSigningRequestJobCount = async (recipientId: number, expected: number) => {
+  const jobs = await prisma.backgroundJob.findMany({
+    where: {
+      jobId: 'send.signing.requested.email',
+      payload: {
+        path: ['recipientId'],
+        equals: recipientId,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  expect(jobs.length).toBe(expected);
+};
+
+test('[REJECTED_ADVANCEMENT]: a rejected recipient is skipped when the next group is activated', async () => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: firstSigner } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: rejectedSigner } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: laterSigner } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { recipients } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [firstSigner, rejectedSigner, laterSigner],
+    recipientsCreateOptions: [
+      { signingOrder: 1, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+      { signingOrder: 2, signingStatus: SigningStatus.REJECTED },
+      { signingOrder: 3, signingStatus: SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED },
+    ],
+    // No fields, so completion is not blocked by unsigned required fields.
+    fields: [],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+          update: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  const first = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === firstSigner.email);
+  const rejected = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === rejectedSigner.email);
+  const later = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === laterSigner.email);
+
+  if (!first || !rejected || !later) {
+    throw new Error('Seeded recipients not found');
+  }
+
+  // The seed never sets sentAt, so it is a clean signal for "was activated".
+  expect(rejected.sentAt).toBeNull();
+  expect(later.sentAt).toBeNull();
+
+  await completeDocumentWithToken({
+    token: first.token,
+    id: { type: 'envelopeId', id: first.envelopeId },
+  });
+
+  const rejectedAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: rejected.id } });
+  const laterAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: later.id } });
+
+  // The rejected recipient is left alone entirely.
+  expect(rejectedAfter.sentAt).toBeNull();
+  expect(rejectedAfter.signingStatus).toBe(SigningStatus.REJECTED);
+  await expectSigningRequestJobCount(rejected.id, 0);
+
+  // The genuinely pending next step is activated instead.
+  expect(laterAfter.sentAt).not.toBeNull();
+  await expectSigningRequestJobCount(later.id, 1);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/recipient/signing-group-advancement.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import { completeDocumentWithToken } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/document/complete-document-with-token';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, SendStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+
+/**
+ * A signing group is a set of recipients sharing one `signingOrder`. Two
+ * server-side guarantees define the feature, and neither was asserted anywhere:
+ *
+ *   1. When a step unlocks, *every* member of that step is activated together.
+ *   2. The next step stays locked until *every* member of the current step has
+ *      signed — one member finishing must not advance the flow.
+ *
+ * These drive `completeDocumentWithToken` directly rather than the browser, so
+ * the side effects (`sendStatus`, `sentAt`, signing-request jobs) can be
+ * asserted precisely, and without the cost of four UI signing flows.
+ */
+
+const expectSigningRequestJobCount = async (recipientId: number, expected: number) => {
+  const jobs = await prisma.backgroundJob.findMany({
+    where: {
+      jobId: 'send.signing.requested.email',
+      payload: {
+        path: ['recipientId'],
+        equals: recipientId,
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  expect(jobs.length).toBe(expected);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Steps: 1 = `first`, 2 = `groupA` + `groupB` (the group), 3 = `last`.
+ */
+const seedGroupedDocument = async () => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: firstSigner } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: groupASigner } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: groupBSigner } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: lastSigner } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { recipients } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [firstSigner, groupASigner, groupBSigner, lastSigner],
+    recipientsCreateOptions: [
+      { signingOrder: 1, sendStatus: SendStatus.SENT },
+      // The seed marks every recipient SENT by default, but a real SEQUENTIAL
+      // document leaves later steps NOT_SENT until their step unlocks. Without
+      // this, `sendStatus` would be meaningless as an "activated" signal.
+      { signingOrder: 2, sendStatus: SendStatus.NOT_SENT },
+      { signingOrder: 2, sendStatus: SendStatus.NOT_SENT },
+      { signingOrder: 3, sendStatus: SendStatus.NOT_SENT },
+    ],
+    // No fields, so completion is not blocked by unsigned required fields.
+    fields: [],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+          update: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  const findByEmail = (email: string) => {
+    const recipient = recipients.find((item) => item.email === email);
+
+    if (!recipient) {
+      throw new Error(`Seeded recipient ${email} not found`);
+    }
+
+    return recipient;
+  };
+
+  return {
+    first: findByEmail(firstSigner.email),
+    groupA: findByEmail(groupASigner.email),
+    groupB: findByEmail(groupBSigner.email),
+    last: findByEmail(lastSigner.email),
+  };
+};
+
+test('[SIGNING_GROUPS]: unlocking a step activates every member of that step, and only that step', async () => {
+  const { first, groupA, groupB, last } = await seedGroupedDocument();
+
+  await completeDocumentWithToken({
+    token: first.token,
+    id: { type: 'envelopeId', id: first.envelopeId },
+  });
+
+  const groupAAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: groupA.id } });
+  const groupBAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: groupB.id } });
+  const lastAfter = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({ where: { id: last.id } });
+
+  // Both members of step 2 are activated together.
+  expect(groupAAfter.sendStatus).toBe(SendStatus.SENT);
+  expect(groupAAfter.sentAt).not.toBeNull();
+  await expectSigningRequestJobCount(groupA.id, 1);
+
+  expect(groupBAfter.sendStatus).toBe(SendStatus.SENT);
+  expect(groupBAfter.sentAt).not.toBeNull();
+  await expectSigningRequestJobCount(groupB.id, 1);
+
+  // Step 3 is not pulled forward with them.
+  expect(lastAfter.sendStatus).toBe(SendStatus.NOT_SENT);
+  expect(lastAfter.sentAt).toBeNull();
+  await expectSigningRequestJobCount(last.id, 0);
+});
+
+test('[SIGNING_GROUPS]: the next step stays locked until every member of the group has signed', async () => {
+  const { first, groupA, groupB, last } = await seedGroupedDocument();
+
+  await completeDocumentWithToken({
+    token: first.token,
+    id: { type: 'envelopeId', id: first.envelopeId },
+  });
+
+  // Only one of the two group members signs.
+  await completeDocumentWithToken({
+    token: groupA.token,
+    id: { type: 'envelopeId', id: groupA.envelopeId },
+  });
+
+  const lastWhileGroupPending = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({
+    where: { id: last.id },
+  });
+
+  expect(lastWhileGroupPending.sendStatus).toBe(SendStatus.NOT_SENT);
+  expect(lastWhileGroupPending.sentAt).toBeNull();
+  await expectSigningRequestJobCount(last.id, 0);
+
+  // The outstanding peer must not be re-notified by their peer's completion.
+  await expectSigningRequestJobCount(groupB.id, 1);
+
+  // The final member of the group signs; the flow advances.
+  await completeDocumentWithToken({
+    token: groupB.token,
+    id: { type: 'envelopeId', id: groupB.envelopeId },
+  });
+
+  const lastAfterGroupComplete = await prisma.recipient.findUniqueOrThrow({
+    where: { id: last.id },
+  });
+
+  expect(lastAfterGroupComplete.sendStatus).toBe(SendStatus.SENT);
+  expect(lastAfterGroupComplete.sentAt).not.toBeNull();
+  await expectSigningRequestJobCount(last.id, 1);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/recipient/signing-groups.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/documents';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import type { Page } from '@playwright/test';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, DocumentStatus, FieldType } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import { signSignaturePad } from '../fixtures/signature';
+
+type SeededRecipient = Awaited<ReturnType<typeof seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields>>['recipients'][number];
+
+const completeSigning = async (page: Page, recipient: SeededRecipient) => {
+  const signUrl = `/sign/${recipient.token}`;
+
+  await page.goto(signUrl);
+  await expect(page.getByRole('heading', { name: 'Sign Document' })).toBeVisible();
+
+  await signSignaturePad(page);
+
+  for (const field of recipient.fields) {
+    await page.locator(`#field-${field.id}`).getByRole('button').click();
+
+    if (field.type === FieldType.TEXT) {
+      await page.locator('#custom-text').fill('TEXT');
+      await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Save' }).click();
+    }
+
+    await expect(page.locator(`#field-${field.id}`)).toHaveAttribute('data-inserted', 'true');
+  }
+
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Complete' }).click();
+  await page.getByRole('button', { name: 'Sign' }).click();
+  await page.waitForURL(`${signUrl}/complete`);
+};
+
+const expectWaiting = async (page: Page, token: string) => {
+  await page.goto(`/sign/${token}`);
+  await page.waitForURL(`/sign/${token}/waiting`);
+};
+
+test('[SIGNING_GROUPS]: group members sign in any order and gate the next step', async ({ page }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: signer1 } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: signer2a } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: signer2b } = await seedUser();
+  const { user: signer3 } = await seedUser();
+
+  const { recipients, document } = await seedPendingDocumentWithFullFields({
+    owner: user,
+    teamId: team.id,
+    recipients: [signer1, signer2a, signer2b, signer3],
+    recipientsCreateOptions: [{ signingOrder: 1 }, { signingOrder: 2 }, { signingOrder: 2 }, { signingOrder: 3 }],
+    updateDocumentOptions: {
+      documentMeta: {
+        upsert: {
+          create: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+          update: { signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL },
+        },
+      },
+    },
+  });
+
+  const [recipient1, recipient2a, recipient2b, recipient3] = recipients;
+
+  // While step 1 is pending, both group members and step 3 are blocked.
+  await expectWaiting(page, recipient2a.token);
+  await expectWaiting(page, recipient2b.token);
+  await expectWaiting(page, recipient3.token);
+
+  await completeSigning(page, recipient1);
+
+  // The group is now active; step 3 is still blocked.
+  await expectWaiting(page, recipient3.token);
+
+  // Sign with the SECOND group member first to prove any-order signing.
+  await completeSigning(page, recipient2b);
+
+  // One group member remains — step 3 stays blocked.
+  await expectWaiting(page, recipient3.token);
+
+  await completeSigning(page, recipient2a);
+
+  // The whole group is done — step 3 unlocks and completes the document.
+  await completeSigning(page, recipient3);
+
+  await expect
+    .poll(async () => {
+      const envelope = await prisma.envelope.findUniqueOrThrow({
+        where: { id: document.id },
+      });
+
+      return envelope.status;
+    })
+    .toBe(DocumentStatus.COMPLETED);
+});

packages/app-tests/e2e/templates/direct-template-dictation-groups.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+import { createDocumentFromDirectTemplate } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/template/create-document-from-direct-template';
+import type { ApiRequestMetadata } from '@documenso/lib/universal/extract-request-metadata';
+import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
+import { seedDirectTemplate } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/templates';
+import { seedUser } from '@documenso/prisma/seed/users';
+import { expect, test } from '@playwright/test';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, FieldType, RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
+
+/**
+ * "Dictate next signer" lets the signer choose who acts in the NEXT step. With
+ * signing groups the direct recipient can share a step with someone else, and
+ * because the direct recipient is created as SIGNED before the pending query
+ * runs, that same-step peer would otherwise look like the "next" recipient.
+ *
+ * The UI never offers dictation in that case, so this exercises the server
+ * directly — the only way the gap is reachable.
+ */
+
+const requestMetadata: ApiRequestMetadata = {
+  requestMetadata: {},
+  source: 'app',
+  auth: null,
+};
+
+const PEER_EMAIL = 'peer@documenso.com';
+const PEER_NAME = 'Peer Signer';
+const LATER_EMAIL = 'later@documenso.com';
+const LATER_NAME = 'Later Signer';
+
+const DICTATED = { email: 'dictated@documenso.com', name: 'Dictated Signer' };
+
+/**
+ * Seeds a direct template whose direct recipient sits at `directSigningOrder`,
+ * plus a peer at `peerSigningOrder` and a signer in a strictly later step.
+ */
+const seedDirectTemplateWithPeer = async (options: { peerSigningOrder: number }) => {
+  const { user, team } = await seedUser();
+
+  const template = await seedDirectTemplate({
+    title: '[TEST] Direct template dictation',
+    userId: user.id,
+    teamId: team.id,
+  });
+
+  await prisma.documentMeta.update({
+    where: { id: template.documentMetaId },
+    data: {
+      signingOrder: DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL,
+      allowDictateNextSigner: true,
+    },
+  });
+
+  const envelopeItem = await prisma.envelopeItem.findFirstOrThrow({
+    where: { envelopeId: template.id },
+  });
+
+  // Every SIGNER needs a signature field or the direct-template flow rejects
+  // the template before it reaches the dictation logic.
+  const createSigner = async (email: string, name: string, signingOrder: number) => {
+    const recipient = await prisma.recipient.create({
+      data: {
+        envelopeId: template.id,
+        email,
+        name,
+        token: Math.random().toString().slice(2, 12),
+        role: RecipientRole.SIGNER,
+        signingOrder,
+      },
+    });
+
+    await prisma.field.create({
+      data: {
+        envelopeId: template.id,
+        envelopeItemId: envelopeItem.id,
+        recipientId: recipient.id,
+        type: FieldType.SIGNATURE,
+        page: 1,
+        positionX: 5,
+        positionY: 20 + signingOrder * 5,
+        width: 20,
+        height: 5,
+        customText: '',
+        inserted: false,
+      },
+    });
+
+    return recipient;
+  };
+
+  const peer = await createSigner(PEER_EMAIL, PEER_NAME, options.peerSigningOrder);
+  const later = await createSigner(LATER_EMAIL, LATER_NAME, 2);
+
+  const directRecipient = template.recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.signingOrder === 1);
+  const directSignatureField = template.fields.find((field) => field.type === FieldType.SIGNATURE);
+
+  if (!directRecipient || !directSignatureField) {
+    throw new Error('Seeded direct template is missing its recipient or signature field');
+  }
+
+  // Read updatedAt last: the writes above bump it, and the flow rejects a stale value.
+  const refreshed = await prisma.envelope.findFirstOrThrow({ where: { id: template.id } });
+
+  return {
+    directLinkToken: template.directLink?.token ?? '',
+    directSignatureFieldId: directSignatureField.id,
+    templateUpdatedAt: refreshed.updatedAt,
+    peer,
+    later,
+  };
+};
+
+const signDirectTemplate = async (seeded: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof seedDirectTemplateWithPeer>>) =>
+  await createDocumentFromDirectTemplate({
+    directRecipientName: 'Direct Signer',
+    directRecipientEmail: 'direct-signer@documenso.com',
+    directTemplateToken: seeded.directLinkToken,
+    templateUpdatedAt: seeded.templateUpdatedAt,
+    signedFieldValues: [
+      {
+        token: seeded.directLinkToken,
+        fieldId: seeded.directSignatureFieldId,
+        value: 'Direct Signer',
+        isBase64: false,
+      },
+    ],
+    nextSigner: DICTATED,
+    requestMetadata,
+  });
+
+test('[DIRECT_TEMPLATE_DICTATION]: does not dictate a recipient sharing the direct recipient step', async () => {
+  const seeded = await seedDirectTemplateWithPeer({ peerSigningOrder: 1 });
+
+  const { envelopeId } = await signDirectTemplate(seeded);
+
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId } });
+
+  const peer = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === PEER_EMAIL);
+  const dictated = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === DICTATED.email);
+
+  // The same-step peer must be untouched...
+  expect(peer).toBeDefined();
+  expect(peer?.name).toBe(PEER_NAME);
+  expect(peer?.signingOrder).toBe(1);
+
+  // ...and nobody at all should have been renamed, since the next step is not reachable yet.
+  expect(dictated).toBeUndefined();
+});
+
+test('[DIRECT_TEMPLATE_DICTATION]: still dictates the next step when the direct recipient is alone', async () => {
+  const seeded = await seedDirectTemplateWithPeer({ peerSigningOrder: 3 });
+
+  const { envelopeId } = await signDirectTemplate(seeded);
+
+  const recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({ where: { envelopeId } });
+
+  // The order-2 signer is the sole member of the next step, so dictation applies.
+  const dictated = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.email === DICTATED.email);
+
+  expect(dictated).toBeDefined();
+  expect(dictated?.name).toBe(DICTATED.name);
+  expect(dictated?.signingOrder).toBe(2);
+
+  // The untouched recipients keep their seeded identities.
+  expect(recipients.some((recipient) => recipient.email === LATER_EMAIL)).toBe(false);
+  expect(recipients.some((recipient) => recipient.email === PEER_EMAIL)).toBe(true);
+});

packages/lib/client-only/hooks/use-editor-recipients.ts

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ import type { UseFormReturn } from 'react-hook-form';
 import { useForm } from 'react-hook-form';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
-import { isCcRecipient, normalizeRecipientSigningOrders, sortRecipientsForSigningOrder } from '../../utils/recipients';
+import { normalizeGroupedSigningOrders } from '../../utils/recipient-groups';
+import { isCcRecipient, sortRecipientsForSigningOrder } from '../../utils/recipients';
 
 const LocalRecipientSchema = z.object({
   formId: z.string().min(1),
@@ -65,10 +66,71 @@ export const ZEditorRecipientsFormSchema = z
         });
       }
     });
+
+    const seenSigningOrders = new Set<number>();
+
+    data.signers.forEach((signer, index) => {
+      if (signer.role === RecipientRole.CC || typeof signer.signingOrder !== 'number') {
+        return;
+      }
+
+      if (seenSigningOrders.has(signer.signingOrder)) {
+        ctx.addIssue({
+          code: z.ZodIssueCode.custom,
+          message: 'CSC envelopes do not support recipient signing groups.',
+          path: ['signers', index, 'signingOrder'],
+        });
+      }
+
+      seenSigningOrders.add(signer.signingOrder);
+    });
   });
 
 export type TEditorRecipientsFormSchema = z.infer<typeof ZEditorRecipientsFormSchema>;
 
+/**
+ * Replaces the signers array while keeping controlled inputs in sync.
+ *
+ * Rows are rendered with stable `formId` keys (required for drag and drop),
+ * so react-hook-form `Controller`s never remount and their leaf
+ * subscriptions are NOT re-notified by a root-level array `setValue`. Any
+ * value that changes while a signer keeps its index (e.g. a role change)
+ * must be leaf-set first so the controlled input actually re-renders.
+ */
+export const updateEditorSigners = (
+  form: UseFormReturn<TEditorRecipientsFormSchema>,
+  updatedSigners: TEditorRecipientsFormSchema['signers'],
+) => {
+  const previousSigners = form.getValues('signers');
+
+  updatedSigners.forEach((signer, index) => {
+    const previousSigner = previousSigners[index];
+
+    // Only slot-stable signers need leaf notifications — moved signers get a
+    // new field name and re-subscribe with fresh values on their own.
+    if (!previousSigner || previousSigner.formId !== signer.formId) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (previousSigner.role !== signer.role) {
+      form.setValue(`signers.${index}.role`, signer.role, { shouldDirty: true });
+    }
+
+    if (previousSigner.email !== signer.email) {
+      form.setValue(`signers.${index}.email`, signer.email, { shouldDirty: true });
+    }
+
+    if (previousSigner.name !== signer.name) {
+      form.setValue(`signers.${index}.name`, signer.name, { shouldDirty: true });
+    }
+  });
+
+  form.setValue('signers', updatedSigners, {
+    shouldValidate: true,
+    shouldDirty: true,
+  });
+};
+
 type EditorRecipientsProps = {
   envelope: TEditorEnvelope;
 };
@@ -89,19 +151,43 @@ export const useEditorRecipients = ({ envelope }: EditorRecipientsProps): UseEdi
   const generateDefaultValues = (options?: ResetFormOptions) => {
     const { recipients, documentMeta } = options ?? {};
 
-    const formRecipients = (recipients || envelope.recipients).map((recipient, index) => ({
+    const sourceRecipients = sortRecipientsForSigningOrder(recipients || envelope.recipients);
+
+    // A recipient without a persisted order means "last" everywhere else — the
+    // server sorts NULLS LAST. Continue numbering after the highest existing
+    // order rather than guessing from array position: a guess can land on a
+    // real order, and equal orders now mean "same signing step".
+    let fallbackOrder = sourceRecipients.reduce(
+      (highest, recipient) => Math.max(highest, recipient.signingOrder ?? 0),
+      0,
+    );
+
+    const signingOrderByRecipientId = new Map<number, number | undefined>();
+
+    for (const recipient of sourceRecipients) {
+      if (isCcRecipient(recipient)) {
+        signingOrderByRecipientId.set(recipient.id, undefined);
+      } else if (typeof recipient.signingOrder === 'number') {
+        signingOrderByRecipientId.set(recipient.id, recipient.signingOrder);
+      } else {
+        fallbackOrder += 1;
+        signingOrderByRecipientId.set(recipient.id, fallbackOrder);
+      }
+    }
+
+    const formRecipients = sourceRecipients.map((recipient) => ({
       id: recipient.id,
       formId: String(recipient.id),
       name: recipient.name,
       email: recipient.email,
       role: recipient.role,
-      signingOrder: isCcRecipient(recipient) ? undefined : (recipient.signingOrder ?? index + 1),
+      signingOrder: signingOrderByRecipientId.get(recipient.id),
       actionAuth: ZRecipientAuthOptionsSchema.parse(recipient.authOptions)?.actionAuth ?? undefined,
     }));
 
     const signers: TLocalRecipient[] =
       formRecipients.length > 0
-        ? normalizeRecipientSigningOrders(sortRecipientsForSigningOrder(formRecipients))
+        ? normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(formRecipients)
         : [
             {
               formId: initialId,

packages/lib/client-only/providers/envelope-editor-provider.tsx

@@ -7,7 +7,10 @@ import {
 } from '@documenso/lib/types/envelope-editor';
 import { trpc } from '@documenso/trpc/react';
 import type { TSetEnvelopeFieldsResponse } from '@documenso/trpc/server/envelope-router/set-envelope-fields.types';
-import type { TSetEnvelopeRecipientsRequest } from '@documenso/trpc/server/envelope-router/set-envelope-recipients.types';
+import type {
+  TSetEnvelopeRecipientsRequest,
+  TSetEnvelopeRecipientsResponse,
+} from '@documenso/trpc/server/envelope-router/set-envelope-recipients.types';
 import type { TUpdateEnvelopeRequest } from '@documenso/trpc/server/envelope-router/update-envelope.types';
 import type { TRecipientColor } from '@documenso/ui/lib/recipient-colors';
 import { getRecipientColor } from '@documenso/ui/lib/recipient-colors';
@@ -29,6 +32,14 @@ export type EnvelopeEditorStep = 'upload' | 'addFields' | 'preview';
 
 type UpdateEnvelopePayload = Pick<TUpdateEnvelopeRequest, 'data' | 'meta'>;
 
+type SetRecipientsPayload = (TSetEnvelopeRecipientsRequest['recipients'][number] & {
+  /**
+   * Stable client-side key for the signer row, echoed to the server as
+   * `clientId` so newly created recipients can adopt their server-assigned id.
+   */
+  formId?: string;
+})[];
+
 type EnvelopeEditorProviderValue = {
   editorConfig: EnvelopeEditorConfig;
 
@@ -47,8 +58,8 @@ type EnvelopeEditorProviderValue = {
   setLocalEnvelope: (localEnvelope: Partial<TEditorEnvelope>) => void;
   updateEnvelope: (envelopeUpdates: UpdateEnvelopePayload) => void;
   updateEnvelopeAsync: (envelopeUpdates: UpdateEnvelopePayload) => Promise<void>;
-  setRecipientsDebounced: (recipients: TSetEnvelopeRecipientsRequest['recipients']) => void;
+  setRecipientsDebounced: (recipients: SetRecipientsPayload) => void;
-  setRecipientsAsync: (recipients: TSetEnvelopeRecipientsRequest['recipients']) => Promise<void>;
+  setRecipientsAsync: (recipients: SetRecipientsPayload) => Promise<void>;
 
   getRecipientColorKey: (recipientId: number) => TRecipientColor;
 
@@ -170,6 +181,41 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorProvider = ({
   const externalFlushCallbacksRef = useRef<Map<string, () => Promise<void>>>(new Map());
   const pendingMutationsRef = useRef<Set<Promise<unknown>>>(new Set());
 
+  /**
+   * Server-assigned ids for signers created during this session, keyed by
+   * their stable formId. The recipients form only learns real ids on a form
+   * reset (step navigation), so this map bridges the gap between autosaves.
+   */
+  const recipientIdByFormIdRef = useRef<Map<string, number>>(new Map());
+
+  /**
+   * Merges known server-assigned ids into the outgoing payload. Without
+   * this, a newly created signer (id-less in the form until the next form
+   * reset) would be deleted and recreated on every autosave — churning ids,
+   * signing tokens and the audit log. The formId doubles as the `clientId`
+   * echoed back by the server.
+   */
+  const withKnownRecipientIds = (localRecipients: SetRecipientsPayload) =>
+    localRecipients.map((recipient) => ({
+      ...recipient,
+      id: recipient.id ?? (recipient.formId ? recipientIdByFormIdRef.current.get(recipient.formId) : undefined),
+      clientId: recipient.formId,
+    }));
+
+  /**
+   * Records the ids of newly created recipients from the save response. A
+   * ref — rather than writing ids back into the form — is deliberate: the
+   * response can land mid interaction, and a form write here re-renders the
+   * signer rows, which breaks an in-progress recipient drag.
+   */
+  const rememberCreatedRecipientIds = (recipients: TSetEnvelopeRecipientsResponse['data']) => {
+    for (const recipient of recipients) {
+      if (recipient.clientId) {
+        recipientIdByFormIdRef.current.set(recipient.clientId, recipient.id);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
   const registerExternalFlush = useCallback((key: string, flush: () => Promise<void>) => {
     externalFlushCallbacksRef.current.set(key, flush);
 
@@ -210,7 +256,7 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorProvider = ({
     triggerSave: setRecipientsDebounced,
     flush: flushSetRecipients,
     isPending: isRecipientsMutationPending,
-  } = useEnvelopeAutosave(async (localRecipients: TSetEnvelopeRecipientsRequest['recipients']) => {
+  } = useEnvelopeAutosave(async (localRecipients: SetRecipientsPayload) => {
     try {
       let recipients: TEditorEnvelope['recipients'] = [];
 
@@ -220,10 +266,12 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorProvider = ({
         const response = await setRecipientsMutation.mutateAsync({
           envelopeId: currentEnvelope.id,
           envelopeType: currentEnvelope.type,
-          recipients: localRecipients,
+          recipients: withKnownRecipientIds(localRecipients),
         });
 
         recipients = response.data;
+
+        rememberCreatedRecipientIds(response.data);
       } else {
         recipients = mapLocalRecipientsToRecipients({ envelope: currentEnvelope, localRecipients });
       }
@@ -252,7 +300,7 @@ export const EnvelopeEditorProvider = ({
     }
   }, 1000);
 
-  const setRecipientsAsync = async (localRecipients: TSetEnvelopeRecipientsRequest['recipients']) => {
+  const setRecipientsAsync = async (localRecipients: SetRecipientsPayload) => {
     setRecipientsDebounced(localRecipients);
     await flushSetRecipients();
   };

packages/lib/server-only/document/complete-document-with-token.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import { mapEnvelopeToWebhookDocumentPayload, ZWebhookDocumentSchema } from '../
 import { extractDocumentAuthMethods } from '../../utils/document-auth';
 import type { EnvelopeIdOptions } from '../../utils/envelope';
 import { mapSecondaryIdToDocumentId, unsafeBuildEnvelopeIdQuery } from '../../utils/envelope';
+import { filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup } from '../../utils/recipient-groups';
 import { assertRecipientNotExpired } from '../../utils/recipients';
 import { getIsRecipientsTurnToSign } from '../recipient/get-is-recipient-turn';
 import { triggerWebhook } from '../webhooks/trigger/trigger-webhook';
@@ -423,6 +424,7 @@ export const completeDocumentWithToken = async ({
     select: {
       id: true,
       signingOrder: true,
+      signingStatus: true,
       name: true,
       email: true,
       role: true,
@@ -451,65 +453,87 @@ export const completeDocumentWithToken = async ({
     });
 
     if (envelope.documentMeta?.signingOrder === DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL) {
-      const [nextRecipient] = pendingRecipients;
+      // The next group: every pending recipient sharing the lowest pending
+      // signing order. If the completing recipient's own step is still
+      // pending (a group peer has not signed yet), the flow does not advance —
+      // the remaining peers were already activated when their step unlocked.
+      const nextGroup = filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup(pendingRecipients);
 
-      await prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
+      const currentRecipientOrder = recipient.signingOrder ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
-        if (nextSigner && envelope.documentMeta?.allowDictateNextSigner) {
+
-          await tx.documentAuditLog.create({
+      const hasCompletedCurrentStep = nextGroup.every(
-            data: createDocumentAuditLogData({
+        (pendingRecipient) => (pendingRecipient.signingOrder ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) > currentRecipientOrder,
-              type: DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE.RECIPIENT_UPDATED,
+      );
-              envelopeId: envelope.id,
+
-              user: {
+      if (nextGroup.length > 0 && hasCompletedCurrentStep) {
-                name: recipientName,
+        // Dictation only applies when advancing to a single-recipient step.
-                email: recipientEmail,
+        const canDictateNextSigner =
-              },
+          Boolean(nextSigner) && Boolean(envelope.documentMeta?.allowDictateNextSigner) && nextGroup.length === 1;
-              requestMetadata,
+
+        await prisma.$transaction(async (tx) => {
+          if (canDictateNextSigner && nextSigner) {
+            const [nextRecipient] = nextGroup;
+
+            await tx.documentAuditLog.create({
+              data: createDocumentAuditLogData({
+                type: DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE.RECIPIENT_UPDATED,
+                envelopeId: envelope.id,
+                user: {
+                  name: recipientName,
+                  email: recipientEmail,
+                },
+                requestMetadata,
+                data: {
+                  recipientEmail: nextRecipient.email,
+                  recipientName: nextRecipient.name,
+                  recipientId: nextRecipient.id,
+                  recipientRole: nextRecipient.role,
+                  changes: [
+                    {
+                      type: RECIPIENT_DIFF_TYPE.NAME,
+                      from: nextRecipient.name,
+                      to: nextSigner.name,
+                    },
+                    {
+                      type: RECIPIENT_DIFF_TYPE.EMAIL,
+                      from: nextRecipient.email,
+                      to: nextSigner.email,
+                    },
+                  ],
+                },
+              }),
+            });
+          }
+
+          for (const nextRecipient of nextGroup) {
+            await tx.recipient.update({
+              where: { id: nextRecipient.id },
               data: {
-                recipientEmail: nextRecipient.email,
+                sendStatus: SendStatus.SENT,
-                recipientName: nextRecipient.name,
+                sentAt: new Date(),
-                recipientId: nextRecipient.id,
+                ...(canDictateNextSigner && nextSigner
-                recipientRole: nextRecipient.role,
+                  ? {
-                changes: [
+                      name: nextSigner.name,
-                  {
+                      email: nextSigner.email,
-                    type: RECIPIENT_DIFF_TYPE.NAME,
+                    }
-                    from: nextRecipient.name,
+                  : {}),
-                    to: nextSigner.name,
-                  },
-                  {
-                    type: RECIPIENT_DIFF_TYPE.EMAIL,
-                    from: nextRecipient.email,
-                    to: nextSigner.email,
-                  },
-                ],
               },
-            }),
+            });
+          }
+        });
+
+        for (const nextRecipient of nextGroup) {
+          await jobs.triggerJob({
+            name: 'send.signing.requested.email',
+            payload: {
+              userId: envelope.userId,
+              documentId: legacyDocumentId,
+              recipientId: nextRecipient.id,
+              requestMetadata,
+            },
           });
         }
-
+      }
-        await tx.recipient.update({
-          where: { id: nextRecipient.id },
-          data: {
-            sendStatus: SendStatus.SENT,
-            sentAt: new Date(),
-            ...(nextSigner && envelope.documentMeta?.allowDictateNextSigner
-              ? {
-                  name: nextSigner.name,
-                  email: nextSigner.email,
-                }
-              : {}),
-          },
-        });
-      });
-
-      await jobs.triggerJob({
-        name: 'send.signing.requested.email',
-        payload: {
-          userId: envelope.userId,
-          documentId: legacyDocumentId,
-          recipientId: nextRecipient.id,
-          requestMetadata,
-        },
-      });
     }
   }
 

packages/lib/server-only/document/send-document.ts

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ import { isDocumentCompleted } from '../../utils/document';
 import { extractDocumentAuthMethods } from '../../utils/document-auth';
 import { type EnvelopeIdOptions, mapSecondaryIdToDocumentId } from '../../utils/envelope';
 import { toCheckboxCustomText, toRadioCustomText } from '../../utils/fields';
+import { filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup, flattenRecipientGroups } from '../../utils/recipient-groups';
 import { getRecipientsWithMissingFields, isRecipientEmailValidForSending } from '../../utils/recipients';
 import { getEnvelopeWhereInput } from '../envelope/get-envelope-by-id';
 import { insertFormValuesInPdf } from '../pdf/insert-form-values-in-pdf';
@@ -147,13 +148,38 @@ export const sendDocument = async ({ id, userId, teamId, sendEmail, requestMetad
     envelope.documentMeta.signingOrder = DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL;
   }
 
+  // Signing groups cannot exist on a TSP envelope: two recipients sharing a
+  // step sign in parallel, which breaks the per-recipient /ByteRange invariant.
+  // The schema-layer guard should have caught this at write time; flatten the
+  // groups here so an envelope that slipped through is still distributable.
+  if (isTspEnvelope(envelope)) {
+    const flattenedOrders = flattenRecipientGroups(envelope.recipients);
+
+    if (flattenedOrders.length > 0) {
+      console.warn(
+        `[CSC] Coercing ${flattenedOrders.length} grouped recipient(s) to distinct signing orders for ${envelope.signatureLevel} envelope ${envelope.id} at send time. The schema-layer guard should have caught this earlier.`,
+      );
+
+      await prisma.$transaction(
+        flattenedOrders.map(({ id, signingOrder: order }) =>
+          prisma.recipient.update({ where: { id }, data: { signingOrder: order } }),
+        ),
+      );
+
+      envelope.recipients = envelope.recipients.map((recipient) => {
+        const flattened = flattenedOrders.find((entry) => entry.id === recipient.id);
+
+        return flattened ? { ...recipient, signingOrder: flattened.signingOrder } : recipient;
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
   let recipientsToNotify = envelope.recipients;
 
   if (signingOrder === DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL) {
-    // Get the currently active recipient.
+    // Get the currently active signing group. Recipients sharing the lowest
-    recipientsToNotify = envelope.recipients
+    // pending signing order act in parallel within their group.
-      .filter((r) => r.signingStatus === SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED && r.role !== RecipientRole.CC)
+    recipientsToNotify = filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup(envelope.recipients);
-      .slice(0, 1);
   }
 
   if (envelope.envelopeItems.length === 0) {

packages/lib/server-only/envelope/create-envelope.ts

@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ import { createDocumentAuthOptions, createRecipientAuthOptions } from '../../uti
 import { buildTeamWhereQuery } from '../../utils/teams';
 import { incrementDocumentId, incrementTemplateId } from '../envelope/increment-id';
 import { assertOrganisationRatesAndLimits } from '../rate-limit/assert-organisation-rates-and-limits';
+import { assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-grouping';
 import { assertCompatibleRecipientRole } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-role';
+import { assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders } from '../signature-level/assign-default-recipient-signing-orders';
 import { resolveSignatureLevel } from '../signature-level/resolve-signature-level';
 import { getTeamSettings } from '../team/get-team-settings';
 import { assertUserNotDisabledById } from '../user/assert-user-not-disabled';
@@ -280,6 +282,32 @@ export const createEnvelope = async ({
     assertCompatibleRecipientRole({ signatureLevel, role: recipient.role });
   }
 
+  const parsedDefaultRecipients =
+    settings.defaultRecipients && !bypassDefaultRecipients
+      ? ZDefaultRecipientsSchema.parse(settings.defaultRecipients)
+      : [];
+
+  const defaultRecipients: CreateEnvelopeRecipientOptions[] = parsedDefaultRecipients.map((recipient) => ({
+    email: recipient.email,
+    name: recipient.name,
+    role: recipient.role,
+  }));
+
+  // Team default recipients carry no signing order, which on a TSP envelope
+  // would land them all in the shared tail step — a signing group — so they
+  // are numbered after the payload's highest order.
+  const orderedDefaultRecipients = assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders({
+    signatureLevel,
+    payloadRecipients: data.recipients ?? [],
+    defaultRecipients,
+  });
+
+  const allRecipientsToCreate = [...(data.recipients || []), ...orderedDefaultRecipients];
+
+  // The grouping assertion runs against the COMBINED set the envelope will
+  // actually hold, not just the payload.
+  assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping({ signatureLevel, recipients: allRecipientsToCreate });
+
   const visibility = visibilityOverride || settings.documentVisibility;
 
   const emailId = meta?.emailId;
@@ -403,21 +431,8 @@ export const createEnvelope = async ({
 
     const firstEnvelopeItem = envelope.envelopeItems[0];
 
-    const defaultRecipients =
-      settings.defaultRecipients && !bypassDefaultRecipients
-        ? ZDefaultRecipientsSchema.parse(settings.defaultRecipients)
-        : [];
-
-    const mappedDefaultRecipients: CreateEnvelopeRecipientOptions[] = defaultRecipients.map((recipient) => ({
-      email: recipient.email,
-      name: recipient.name,
-      role: recipient.role,
-    }));
-
-    const allRecipients = [...(data.recipients || []), ...mappedDefaultRecipients];
-
     await Promise.all(
-      allRecipients.map(async (recipient) => {
+      allRecipientsToCreate.map(async (recipient) => {
         const recipientAuthOptions = createRecipientAuthOptions({
           accessAuth: recipient.accessAuth ?? [],
           actionAuth: recipient.actionAuth ?? [],

packages/lib/server-only/envelope/get-envelope-for-recipient-signing.ts

@@ -5,13 +5,14 @@ import EnvelopeSchema from '@documenso/prisma/generated/zod/modelSchema/Envelope
 import SignatureSchema from '@documenso/prisma/generated/zod/modelSchema/SignatureSchema';
 import TeamSchema from '@documenso/prisma/generated/zod/modelSchema/TeamSchema';
 import UserSchema from '@documenso/prisma/generated/zod/modelSchema/UserSchema';
-import { DocumentSigningOrder, DocumentStatus, EnvelopeType, RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, DocumentStatus, EnvelopeType, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { AppError, AppErrorCode } from '../../errors/app-error';
 import type { TDocumentAuthMethods } from '../../types/document-auth';
 import { ZEnvelopeFieldSchema, ZFieldSchema } from '../../types/field';
 import { ZRecipientLiteSchema } from '../../types/recipient';
+import { isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder } from '../../utils/recipient-groups';
 import { isRecipientExpired } from '../../utils/recipients';
 import { isRecipientAuthorized } from '../document/is-recipient-authorized';
 import { getTeamSettings } from '../team/get-team-settings';
@@ -260,23 +261,9 @@ export const getEnvelopeForRecipientSigning = async ({
     },
   });
 
-  let isRecipientsTurn = true;
+  const isRecipientsTurn =
-
+    envelope.documentMeta.signingOrder !== DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL ||
-  const currentRecipientIndex = envelope.recipients.findIndex((r) => r.token === token);
+    isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(envelope.recipients, recipient);
-
-  if (envelope.documentMeta.signingOrder === DocumentSigningOrder.SEQUENTIAL && currentRecipientIndex !== -1) {
-    for (let i = 0; i < currentRecipientIndex; i++) {
-      // CC recipients have no action to take, so they can never block the flow.
-      if (envelope.recipients[i].role === RecipientRole.CC) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      if (envelope.recipients[i].signingStatus !== SigningStatus.SIGNED) {
-        isRecipientsTurn = false;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
 
   const sender = settings.includeSenderDetails
     ? {

packages/lib/server-only/field/get-fields-for-token.ts

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
 import { EnvelopeType, FieldType, RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
 
+import { getLaterSigningStepRecipientsWhereInput } from '../../utils/recipients';
+
 export type GetFieldsForTokenOptions = {
   token: string;
 };
@@ -31,10 +33,11 @@ export const getFieldsForToken = async ({ token }: GetFieldsForTokenOptions) =>
               signingStatus: {
                 not: SigningStatus.SIGNED,
               },
-              signingOrder: {
-                gte: recipient.signingOrder ?? 0,
-              },
               envelopeId: recipient.envelopeId,
+              // Assistants can only assist those in strictly later steps —
+              // never their own group peers, with null orders as the tail
+              // step. (Own fields are matched by the sibling OR arm.)
+              AND: [getLaterSigningStepRecipientsWhereInput(recipient)],
             },
             envelope: {
               id: recipient.envelopeId,

packages/lib/server-only/field/remove-signed-field-with-token.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-audit-logs';
 import type { RequestMetadata } from '@documenso/lib/universal/extract-request-metadata';
 import { createDocumentAuditLogData } from '@documenso/lib/utils/document-audit-logs';
-import { assertRecipientNotExpired } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipients';
+import { assertRecipientNotExpired, getFieldOwnerWhereInput } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipients';
 import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
 import { DocumentStatus, RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
 
@@ -25,21 +25,7 @@ export const removeSignedFieldWithToken = async ({
   const field = await prisma.field.findFirstOrThrow({
     where: {
       id: fieldId,
-      recipient: {
+      recipient: getFieldOwnerWhereInput(recipient),
-        ...(recipient.role !== RecipientRole.ASSISTANT
-          ? {
-              id: recipient.id,
-            }
-          : {
-              signingOrder: {
-                gte: recipient.signingOrder ?? 0,
-              },
-              signingStatus: {
-                not: SigningStatus.SIGNED,
-              },
-              envelopeId: recipient.envelopeId,
-            }),
-      },
     },
     include: {
       envelope: true,

packages/lib/server-only/field/sign-field-with-token.ts

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import { match } from 'ts-pattern';
 import { AUTO_SIGNABLE_FIELD_TYPES } from '../../constants/autosign';
 import { DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_DATE_FORMAT } from '../../constants/date-formats';
 import { DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_TIME_ZONE } from '../../constants/time-zones';
+import { AppError, AppErrorCode } from '../../errors/app-error';
 import { DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE } from '../../types/document-audit-logs';
 import type { TRecipientActionAuth } from '../../types/document-auth';
 import {
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ import {
 } from '../../types/field-meta';
 import type { RequestMetadata } from '../../universal/extract-request-metadata';
 import { createDocumentAuditLogData } from '../../utils/document-audit-logs';
-import { assertRecipientNotExpired } from '../../utils/recipients';
+import { assertRecipientNotExpired, getFieldOwnerWhereInput } from '../../utils/recipients';
 import { validateFieldAuth } from '../document/validate-field-auth';
 
 export type SignFieldWithTokenOptions = {
@@ -65,21 +66,7 @@ export const signFieldWithToken = async ({
   const field = await prisma.field.findFirstOrThrow({
     where: {
       id: fieldId,
-      recipient: {
+      recipient: getFieldOwnerWhereInput(recipient),
-        ...(recipient.role !== RecipientRole.ASSISTANT
-          ? {
-              id: recipient.id,
-            }
-          : {
-              signingStatus: {
-                not: SigningStatus.SIGNED,
-              },
-              signingOrder: {
-                gte: recipient.signingOrder ?? 0,
-              },
-              envelopeId: recipient.envelopeId,
-            }),
-      },
     },
     include: {
       envelope: {
@@ -124,6 +111,18 @@ export const signFieldWithToken = async ({
     throw new Error(`Field ${fieldId} has no recipientId`);
   }
 
+  // Mirrors the V2 guard in `sign-envelope-field.ts`: assistants may prefill
+  // other recipients' fields but never their signature fields.
+  if (
+    field.type === FieldType.SIGNATURE &&
+    recipient.role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT &&
+    field.recipientId !== recipient.id
+  ) {
+    throw new AppError(AppErrorCode.INVALID_REQUEST, {
+      message: 'Assistant recipients cannot sign signature fields',
+    });
+  }
+
   if (field.type === FieldType.NUMBER && field.fieldMeta) {
     const numberFieldParsedMeta = ZNumberFieldMeta.parse(field.fieldMeta);
     const errors = validateNumberField(value, numberFieldParsedMeta, true);

packages/lib/server-only/recipient/create-envelope-recipients.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import type { EnvelopeIdOptions } from '../../utils/envelope';
 import { mapRecipientToLegacyRecipient } from '../../utils/recipients';
 import { assertEnvelopeMutable } from '../envelope/assert-envelope-mutable';
 import { getEnvelopeWhereInput } from '../envelope/get-envelope-by-id';
+import { assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-grouping';
 import { assertCompatibleRecipientRole } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-role';
 
 export interface CreateEnvelopeRecipientsOptions {
@@ -91,6 +92,13 @@ export const createEnvelopeRecipients = async ({
     });
   }
 
+  // Grouping is a property of the whole recipient set, so check the state the
+  // envelope will be left in rather than the incoming batch alone.
+  assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping({
+    signatureLevel: envelope.signatureLevel,
+    recipients: [...envelope.recipients, ...recipientsToCreate],
+  });
+
   const normalizedRecipients = recipientsToCreate.map((recipient) => ({
     ...recipient,
     email: recipient.email.toLowerCase(),

packages/lib/server-only/recipient/get-is-recipient-turn.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
-import { DocumentSigningOrder, EnvelopeType, RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+import { DocumentSigningOrder, EnvelopeType } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import { isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder } from '../../utils/recipient-groups';
 
 export type GetIsRecipientTurnOptions = {
   token: string;
@@ -17,11 +19,7 @@ export async function getIsRecipientsTurnToSign({ token }: GetIsRecipientTurnOpt
     },
     include: {
       documentMeta: true,
-      recipients: {
+      recipients: true,
-        orderBy: {
-          signingOrder: 'asc',
-        },
-      },
     },
   });
 
@@ -29,24 +27,11 @@ export async function getIsRecipientsTurnToSign({ token }: GetIsRecipientTurnOpt
     return true;
   }
 
-  const { recipients } = envelope;
+  const currentRecipient = envelope.recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.token === token);
 
-  const currentRecipientIndex = recipients.findIndex((r) => r.token === token);
+  if (!currentRecipient) {
-
-  if (currentRecipientIndex === -1) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  for (let i = 0; i < currentRecipientIndex; i++) {
+  return isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(envelope.recipients, currentRecipient);
-    // CC recipients have no action to take, so they can never block the flow.
-    if (recipients[i].role === RecipientRole.CC) {
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    if (recipients[i].signingStatus !== SigningStatus.SIGNED) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
 }

packages/lib/server-only/recipient/get-next-pending-recipient.ts

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
-import { EnvelopeType, RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
+import { EnvelopeType } from '@prisma/client';
 
 import { mapDocumentIdToSecondaryId } from '../../utils/envelope';
+import { getNextDictatableRecipient } from '../../utils/recipient-groups';
 
 export const getNextPendingRecipient = async ({
   documentId,
@@ -16,33 +17,17 @@ export const getNextPendingRecipient = async ({
         type: EnvelopeType.DOCUMENT,
         secondaryId: mapDocumentIdToSecondaryId(documentId),
       },
-      // CC recipients are informational only and never take part in signing,
-      // so they must never be offered as the next pending recipient.
-      role: {
-        not: RecipientRole.CC,
-      },
     },
-    orderBy: [
-      {
-        signingOrder: {
-          sort: 'asc',
-          nulls: 'last',
-        },
-      },
-      {
-        id: 'asc',
-      },
-    ],
   });
 
-  const currentIndex = recipients.findIndex((r) => r.id === currentRecipientId);
+  const nextRecipient = getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId });
 
-  if (currentIndex === -1 || currentIndex === recipients.length - 1) {
+  if (!nextRecipient) {
     return null;
   }
 
   return {
-    ...recipients[currentIndex + 1],
+    ...nextRecipient,
     token: '',
   };
 };

packages/lib/server-only/recipient/get-recipients-for-assistant.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
 import { FieldType } from '@prisma/client';
 
 import { AppError, AppErrorCode } from '../../errors/app-error';
+import { getAssistableRecipientsWhereInput } from '../../utils/recipients';
 
 export interface GetRecipientsForAssistantOptions {
   token: string;
@@ -23,9 +24,9 @@ export const getRecipientsForAssistant = async ({ token }: GetRecipientsForAssis
   let recipients = await prisma.recipient.findMany({
     where: {
       envelopeId: assistant.envelopeId,
-      signingOrder: {
+      // The assistant themself plus strictly later steps — never their own
-        gte: assistant.signingOrder ?? 0,
+      // group peers, with null orders treated as the tail step.
-      },
+      AND: [getAssistableRecipientsWhereInput(assistant)],
     },
     include: {
       fields: {

packages/lib/server-only/recipient/set-document-recipients.ts

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import { type EnvelopeIdOptions, mapSecondaryIdToDocumentId } from '../../utils/
 import { canRecipientBeModified, isRecipientEmailValidForSending } from '../../utils/recipients';
 import { assertEnvelopeMutable } from '../envelope/assert-envelope-mutable';
 import { getEnvelopeWhereInput } from '../envelope/get-envelope-by-id';
+import { assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-grouping';
 import { assertCompatibleRecipientRole } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-role';
 
 export interface SetDocumentRecipientsOptions {
@@ -98,6 +99,13 @@ export const setDocumentRecipients = async ({
     });
   }
 
+  // This route replaces the whole recipient set, so the payload is the
+  // resulting state.
+  assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping({
+    signatureLevel: envelope.signatureLevel,
+    recipients,
+  });
+
   const normalizedRecipients = recipients.map((recipient) => ({
     ...recipient,
     email: recipient.email.toLowerCase(),

packages/lib/server-only/recipient/set-template-recipients.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import { nanoid } from '../../universal/id';
 import { createRecipientAuthOptions } from '../../utils/document-auth';
 import { type EnvelopeIdOptions, mapSecondaryIdToTemplateId } from '../../utils/envelope';
 import { getEnvelopeWhereInput } from '../envelope/get-envelope-by-id';
+import { assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-grouping';
 import { assertCompatibleRecipientRole } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-role';
 
 export type SetTemplateRecipientsOptions = {
@@ -68,6 +69,13 @@ export const setTemplateRecipients = async ({ userId, teamId, id, recipients }:
     });
   }
 
+  // This route replaces the whole recipient set, so the payload is the
+  // resulting state.
+  assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping({
+    signatureLevel: envelope.signatureLevel,
+    recipients,
+  });
+
   const normalizedRecipients = recipients.map((recipient) => {
     // Force replace any changes to the name or email of the direct recipient.
     if (envelope.directLink && recipient.id === envelope.directLink.directTemplateRecipientId) {

packages/lib/server-only/recipient/update-envelope-recipients.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import { mapFieldToLegacyField } from '../../utils/fields';
 import { canRecipientBeModified } from '../../utils/recipients';
 import { assertEnvelopeMutable } from '../envelope/assert-envelope-mutable';
 import { getEnvelopeWhereInput } from '../envelope/get-envelope-by-id';
+import { assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-grouping';
 import { assertCompatibleRecipientRole } from '../signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-role';
 
 export interface UpdateEnvelopeRecipientsOptions {
@@ -99,6 +100,17 @@ export const updateEnvelopeRecipients = async ({
     });
   }
 
+  // Grouping is a property of the whole recipient set, so check the state the
+  // envelope will be left in once these updates are applied.
+  assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping({
+    signatureLevel: envelope.signatureLevel,
+    recipients: envelope.recipients.map((existingRecipient) => {
+      const update = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.id === existingRecipient.id);
+
+      return update ? { ...existingRecipient, ...update } : existingRecipient;
+    }),
+  });
+
   const recipientsToUpdate = recipients.map((recipient) => {
     const originalRecipient = envelope.recipients.find((existingRecipient) => existingRecipient.id === recipient.id);
 

packages/lib/server-only/signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-grouping.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import { RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import { SignatureLevel } from '../../types/signature-level';
+import { assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping } from './assert-compatible-recipient-grouping';
+
+const signer = (signingOrder: number | null) => ({ role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder });
+const cc = (signingOrder: number | null) => ({ role: RecipientRole.CC, signingOrder });
+
+const expectRejected = (
+  signatureLevel: string,
+  recipients: Array<{ role: RecipientRole; signingOrder: number | null }>,
+) => {
+  expect(() => assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping({ signatureLevel, recipients })).toThrow(
+    /signing group|same signing step/i,
+  );
+};
+
+const expectAccepted = (
+  signatureLevel: string,
+  recipients: Array<{ role: RecipientRole; signingOrder: number | null }>,
+) => {
+  expect(() => assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping({ signatureLevel, recipients })).not.toThrow();
+};
+
+describe('assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping', () => {
+  describe('AES/QES envelopes', () => {
+    for (const signatureLevel of [SignatureLevel.AES, SignatureLevel.QES]) {
+      it(`rejects two signers sharing a signing order (${signatureLevel})`, () => {
+        expectRejected(signatureLevel, [signer(1), signer(2), signer(2)]);
+      });
+
+      it(`accepts distinct signing orders (${signatureLevel})`, () => {
+        expectAccepted(signatureLevel, [signer(1), signer(2), signer(3)]);
+      });
+    }
+
+    // Every null order collapses into the same tail step, so two of them sign
+    // in parallel exactly as a duplicate order would.
+    it('rejects two signers without a signing order', () => {
+      expectRejected(SignatureLevel.AES, [signer(null), signer(null)]);
+    });
+
+    it('rejects a signer without an order alongside an ordered signer', () => {
+      // The unordered recipient shares the tail step with the other null.
+      expectRejected(SignatureLevel.AES, [signer(1), signer(null), signer(null)]);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts a single signer without a signing order', () => {
+      expectAccepted(SignatureLevel.AES, [signer(null)]);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts one ordered signer and one unordered signer', () => {
+      expectAccepted(SignatureLevel.AES, [signer(1), signer(null)]);
+    });
+
+    // CC recipients never sign, so their order carries no meaning.
+    it('ignores CC recipients sharing an order with a signer', () => {
+      expectAccepted(SignatureLevel.AES, [signer(1), cc(1)]);
+    });
+
+    it('ignores several CC recipients sharing an order with each other', () => {
+      expectAccepted(SignatureLevel.AES, [signer(1), cc(2), cc(2), cc(null), cc(null)]);
+    });
+
+    it('accepts an empty recipient list', () => {
+      expectAccepted(SignatureLevel.AES, []);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('SES envelopes', () => {
+    it('permits signing groups', () => {
+      expectAccepted(SignatureLevel.SES, [signer(1), signer(2), signer(2)]);
+    });
+
+    it('permits multiple unordered signers', () => {
+      expectAccepted(SignatureLevel.SES, [signer(null), signer(null)]);
+    });
+  });
+});

packages/lib/server-only/signature-level/assert-compatible-recipient-grouping.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import type { Recipient } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import { AppError, AppErrorCode } from '../../errors/app-error';
+import { isTspEnvelope } from '../../types/signature-level';
+import { effectiveOrder } from '../../utils/recipient-groups';
+import { isCcRecipient } from '../../utils/recipients';
+
+type AssertCompatibleRecipientGroupingOptions = {
+  signatureLevel: string;
+  recipients: Array<Pick<Recipient, 'role'> & { signingOrder?: number | null }>;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Reject recipient signing groups on AES/QES envelopes.
+ *
+ * A "group" is two or more signing recipients sharing a signing step, which
+ * they may then complete in any order — including at the same time. That is
+ * parallel signing scoped to one step, so it breaks the same per-recipient
+ * `/ByteRange` invariant that {@link assertCompatibleSigningOrder} exists to
+ * protect: each TSP signature must cover the exact bytes it was applied to,
+ * and concurrent incremental updates over one base state cannot all verify.
+ *
+ * Note this is not caught by the `signingOrder = PARALLEL` guard: groups are
+ * expressed as duplicate `Recipient.signingOrder` values on a document whose
+ * `documentMeta.signingOrder` is SEQUENTIAL.
+ *
+ * Recipients sharing a step are detected by {@link effectiveOrder}, so an
+ * absent signing order counts too — every unordered recipient lands in the
+ * same tail step and would sign in parallel.
+ *
+ * CC recipients are ignored: they never sign, and their signing order carries
+ * no meaning anywhere else.
+ *
+ * SES envelopes pass through unchanged — signing groups are an SES feature.
+ *
+ * Schema-layer guard. {@link sendDocument} re-checks at distribution time as a
+ * defence-in-depth backstop.
+ */
+export const assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping = ({
+  signatureLevel,
+  recipients,
+}: AssertCompatibleRecipientGroupingOptions): void => {
+  if (!isTspEnvelope({ signatureLevel })) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const seenOrders = new Set<number>();
+
+  for (const recipient of recipients) {
+    if (isCcRecipient(recipient)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const order = effectiveOrder(recipient);
+
+    if (seenOrders.has(order)) {
+      throw new AppError(AppErrorCode.INVALID_BODY, {
+        message: `Envelopes signed at '${signatureLevel}' cannot place two recipients in the same signing step — a signing group is parallel signing within one step, which breaks the per-recipient /ByteRange invariant TSP signatures rely on. Give every signing recipient a distinct signingOrder.`,
+      });
+    }
+
+    seenOrders.add(order);
+  }
+};

packages/lib/server-only/signature-level/assign-default-recipient-signing-orders.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import { RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import { assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping } from './assert-compatible-recipient-grouping';
+import { assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders } from './assign-default-recipient-signing-orders';
+
+const signer = (signingOrder?: number | null) => ({
+  role: RecipientRole.SIGNER,
+  signingOrder,
+});
+
+const defaultRecipient = (email: string, role: RecipientRole = RecipientRole.SIGNER) => ({
+  email,
+  name: email,
+  role,
+});
+
+describe('assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders', () => {
+  it('leaves defaults unordered on SES envelopes', () => {
+    const result = assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders({
+      signatureLevel: 'SES',
+      payloadRecipients: [signer(1), signer(2)],
+      defaultRecipients: [defaultRecipient('a@example.com'), defaultRecipient('b@example.com')],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.map((recipient) => recipient.signingOrder)).toEqual([undefined, undefined]);
+  });
+
+  it.each(['AES', 'QES'])('assigns distinct orders after the payload max on %s envelopes', (signatureLevel) => {
+    const result = assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders({
+      signatureLevel,
+      payloadRecipients: [signer(1), signer(4)],
+      defaultRecipients: [defaultRecipient('a@example.com'), defaultRecipient('b@example.com')],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.map((recipient) => recipient.signingOrder)).toEqual([5, 6]);
+  });
+
+  it('numbers defaults from 1 when the payload has no numeric orders', () => {
+    const result = assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders({
+      signatureLevel: 'QES',
+      payloadRecipients: [],
+      defaultRecipients: [defaultRecipient('a@example.com'), defaultRecipient('b@example.com')],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.map((recipient) => recipient.signingOrder)).toEqual([1, 2]);
+  });
+
+  it('skips CC defaults while numbering the rest', () => {
+    const result = assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders({
+      signatureLevel: 'AES',
+      payloadRecipients: [signer(2)],
+      defaultRecipients: [
+        defaultRecipient('a@example.com'),
+        defaultRecipient('cc@example.com', RecipientRole.CC),
+        defaultRecipient('b@example.com'),
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.map((recipient) => recipient.signingOrder)).toEqual([3, undefined, 4]);
+  });
+
+  it('produces a combined set that satisfies the TSP grouping assertion', () => {
+    const payloadRecipients = [signer(1), signer(2)];
+
+    const defaults = assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders({
+      signatureLevel: 'QES',
+      payloadRecipients,
+      defaultRecipients: [defaultRecipient('a@example.com'), defaultRecipient('b@example.com')],
+    });
+
+    expect(() =>
+      assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping({
+        signatureLevel: 'QES',
+        recipients: [...payloadRecipients, ...defaults],
+      }),
+    ).not.toThrow();
+  });
+
+  it('remains assertion-compatible when the payload holds a single unordered recipient', () => {
+    // The write-path assert permits one unordered recipient (no shared step);
+    // numbered defaults must not collide with it.
+    const payloadRecipients = [signer(null)];
+
+    const defaults = assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders({
+      signatureLevel: 'AES',
+      payloadRecipients,
+      defaultRecipients: [defaultRecipient('a@example.com')],
+    });
+
+    expect(defaults.map((recipient) => recipient.signingOrder)).toEqual([1]);
+
+    expect(() =>
+      assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping({
+        signatureLevel: 'AES',
+        recipients: [...payloadRecipients, ...defaults],
+      }),
+    ).not.toThrow();
+  });
+});

packages/lib/server-only/signature-level/assign-default-recipient-signing-orders.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import type { Recipient } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import { isTspEnvelope } from '../../types/signature-level';
+import { isCcRecipient } from '../../utils/recipients';
+
+type AssignDefaultRecipientSigningOrdersOptions<T> = {
+  signatureLevel: string;
+  /**
+   * The recipients supplied by the caller, already validated by
+   * {@link assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping}.
+   */
+  payloadRecipients: Array<Pick<Recipient, 'role'> & { signingOrder?: number | null }>;
+  /**
+   * The team default recipients to append.
+   */
+  defaultRecipients: T[];
+};
+
+/**
+ * Assigns distinct signing orders to team default recipients appended to a
+ * TSP (AES/QES) envelope.
+ *
+ * Team defaults carry no signing order, so on a TSP envelope two or more of
+ * them would share the unordered tail step — a signing group, which TSP
+ * signatures cannot hold (see {@link assertCompatibleRecipientGrouping}).
+ * Numbering them after the payload's highest order keeps the combined set
+ * valid at write time instead of relying on the send-time flatten backstop.
+ *
+ * CC defaults are left unordered: they never sign and are ignored by the
+ * grouping assertion.
+ *
+ * SES envelopes pass through unchanged — shared steps are an SES feature.
+ */
+export const assignDefaultRecipientSigningOrders = <T extends Pick<Recipient, 'role'>>({
+  signatureLevel,
+  payloadRecipients,
+  defaultRecipients,
+}: AssignDefaultRecipientSigningOrdersOptions<T>): Array<T & { signingOrder?: number }> => {
+  if (!isTspEnvelope({ signatureLevel })) {
+    return defaultRecipients;
+  }
+
+  let nextOrder =
+    payloadRecipients.reduce((highest, recipient) => Math.max(highest, recipient.signingOrder ?? 0), 0) + 1;
+
+  return defaultRecipients.map((recipient) => {
+    if (isCcRecipient(recipient)) {
+      return recipient;
+    }
+
+    const signingOrder = nextOrder;
+
+    nextOrder += 1;
+
+    return { ...recipient, signingOrder };
+  });
+};

packages/lib/server-only/template/create-document-from-direct-template.ts

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import {
   extractDocumentAuthMethods,
 } from '../../utils/document-auth';
 import { mapSecondaryIdToTemplateId } from '../../utils/envelope';
+import { filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup } from '../../utils/recipient-groups';
 import { getRecipientsWithMissingFields } from '../../utils/recipients';
 import { sendDocument } from '../document/send-document';
 import { validateFieldAuth } from '../document/validate-field-auth';
@@ -676,6 +677,7 @@ export const createDocumentFromDirectTemplate = async ({
         select: {
           id: true,
           signingOrder: true,
+          signingStatus: true,
           name: true,
           email: true,
           role: true,
@@ -694,9 +696,27 @@ export const createDocumentFromDirectTemplate = async ({
         orderBy: [{ signingOrder: { sort: 'asc', nulls: 'last' } }, { id: 'asc' }],
       });
 
-      const nextRecipient = pendingRecipients[0];
+      const nextGroup = filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup(pendingRecipients);
 
-      if (nextRecipient) {
+      const directRecipientOrder = createdDirectRecipient.signingOrder ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
+
+      // The direct recipient can share a step with other recipients (a signing
+      // group). Those peers are still pending, so without this check they would
+      // look like the "next" step and be dictated over — dictation may only
+      // affect a strictly later step.
+      const hasCompletedCurrentStep = nextGroup.every(
+        (pendingRecipient) => (pendingRecipient.signingOrder ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) > directRecipientOrder,
+      );
+
+      // Dictation only applies when the next step is a single recipient.
+      const nextRecipient = hasCompletedCurrentStep && nextGroup.length === 1 ? nextGroup[0] : null;
+
+      // The guard at the top of this function rejects `nextSigner` unless the
+      // template enables dictation, and the derived meta carries the flag
+      // through unchanged — but the audit log and the update must share ONE
+      // condition regardless, so the trail can never record a rewrite that
+      // was not applied.
+      if (nextRecipient && documentMeta.allowDictateNextSigner) {
         auditLogsToCreate.push(
           createDocumentAuditLogData({
             type: DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE.RECIPIENT_UPDATED,
@@ -730,12 +750,8 @@ export const createDocumentFromDirectTemplate = async ({
         await tx.recipient.update({
           where: { id: nextRecipient.id },
           data: {
-            ...(nextSigner && documentMeta?.allowDictateNextSigner
+            name: nextSigner.name,
-              ? {
+            email: nextSigner.email,
-                  name: nextSigner.name,
-                  email: nextSigner.email,
-                }
-              : {}),
           },
         });
       }

packages/lib/types/recipient.ts

@@ -125,3 +125,21 @@ export type TEnvelopeRecipientLite = z.infer<typeof ZEnvelopeRecipientLiteSchema
 export type TEnvelopeRecipientMany = z.infer<typeof ZEnvelopeRecipientManySchema>;
 
 export const ZRecipientEmailSchema = z.union([z.literal(''), zEmail('Invalid email').trim().toLowerCase().max(254)]);
+
+/**
+ * Signing order for a recipient, for use in request schemas.
+ *
+ * `Recipient.signingOrder` is an `Int` column and Prisma truncates rather than
+ * rejects a fraction, so an unconstrained `z.number()` silently rewrites the
+ * caller's value (1.5 becomes 1) — which, since equal orders mean "same signing
+ * step", can quietly merge recipients into one group. Orders are also 1-based
+ * everywhere they are generated, and assistant scoping uses `?? 0` as its
+ * floor, so zero and negatives are not meaningful.
+ *
+ * Response schemas intentionally do not use this: existing rows may hold values
+ * that predate the constraint, and reads must not fail because of it.
+ */
+export const ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema = z
+  .number()
+  .int('Signing order must be an integer')
+  .min(1, 'Signing order must be greater than 0');

packages/lib/utils/recipient-groups.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,692 @@
+import { RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+import {
+  extractRecipientToNewStep,
+  filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup,
+  flattenRecipientGroups,
+  getNextDictatableRecipient,
+  groupRecipientsBySigningOrder,
+  isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder,
+  mergeSteps,
+  moveRecipientToStep,
+  normalizeGroupedSigningOrders,
+  reorderStep,
+  ungroupStep,
+} from './recipient-groups';
+
+describe('groupRecipientsBySigningOrder', () => {
+  it('groups non-CC recipients sharing a signing order into steps', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.APPROVER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'd', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+    ];
+
+    const { steps, ccRecipients } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+    expect(ccRecipients).toEqual([]);
+    expect(steps.map((step) => step.order)).toEqual([1, 2, 3]);
+    expect(steps.map((step) => step.members.map((m) => m.formId))).toEqual([['a'], ['b', 'c'], ['d']]);
+  });
+
+  it('excludes CC recipients from steps', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.CC, signingOrder: undefined },
+    ];
+
+    const { steps, ccRecipients } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+    expect(steps).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(ccRecipients.map((r) => r.formId)).toEqual(['b']);
+  });
+
+  it('sorts steps by order regardless of input order and keeps member input order', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+    ];
+
+    const { steps } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+    expect(steps.map((step) => step.members.map((m) => m.formId))).toEqual([['a'], ['c', 'b']]);
+  });
+
+  it('collects recipients without a signing order into a single tail step', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: null },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: undefined },
+    ];
+
+    const { steps } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+    expect(steps).toHaveLength(2);
+    expect(steps[1].members.map((m) => m.formId)).toEqual(['b', 'c']);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('normalizeGroupedSigningOrders', () => {
+  it('preserves groups while compacting gaps to dense step numbers', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 5 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 5 },
+      { formId: 'd', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 9 },
+    ];
+
+    expect(normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients).map((r) => r.signingOrder)).toEqual([1, 2, 2, 3]);
+  });
+
+  it('moves CC recipients to the tail with an undefined signing order', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'cc', role: RecipientRole.CC, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+    ];
+
+    const normalized = normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients);
+
+    expect(normalized.map((r) => r.formId)).toEqual(['a', 'b', 'cc']);
+    expect(normalized.map((r) => r.signingOrder)).toEqual([1, 1, undefined]);
+  });
+
+  it('anchors steps containing locked recipients to their persisted order', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'locked', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 4 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 4 },
+    ];
+
+    const normalized = normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, (r) => r.formId !== 'locked');
+
+    expect(normalized.map((r) => [r.formId, r.signingOrder])).toEqual([
+      ['locked', 1],
+      ['a', 2],
+      ['b', 2],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('never renumbers an editable step onto a locked step number', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'locked', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 5 },
+    ];
+
+    const normalized = normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, (r) => r.formId !== 'locked');
+
+    // 'b' must skip the reserved locked number 2 and take 3, not collide into 2.
+    expect(normalized.map((r) => [r.formId, r.signingOrder])).toEqual([
+      ['a', 1],
+      ['locked', 2],
+      ['b', 3],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('keeps a group intact when it contains the locked recipient', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'locked', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'peer', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 7 },
+    ];
+
+    const normalized = normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, (r) => r.formId !== 'locked');
+
+    expect(normalized.map((r) => [r.formId, r.signingOrder])).toEqual([
+      ['locked', 2],
+      ['peer', 2],
+      ['a', 3],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  // Everything up to and including the last locked step is locked, so those
+  // orders are persisted values and must survive untouched — even the sparse
+  // ones an API caller may have created.
+  it('freezes every step up to and including the last locked step', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+      { formId: 'locked', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 5 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 9 },
+    ];
+
+    const normalized = normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, (r) => r.formId !== 'locked');
+
+    expect(normalized.map((r) => [r.formId, r.signingOrder])).toEqual([
+      ['a', 3],
+      ['locked', 5],
+      ['b', 6],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('renumbers the unlocked tail densely from the highest locked order', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      { formId: 'locked', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 4 },
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 20 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 31 },
+    ];
+
+    const normalized = normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, (r) => r.formId !== 'locked');
+
+    expect(normalized.map((r) => [r.formId, r.signingOrder])).toEqual([
+      ['locked', 4],
+      ['a', 5],
+      ['b', 6],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('leaves a locked recipient without a persisted order alone', () => {
+    const recipients: Array<{ formId: string; role: RecipientRole; signingOrder: number | null }> = [
+      { formId: 'locked', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: null },
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: null },
+    ];
+
+    // Both share the null tail step, so the whole step is locked.
+    const normalized = normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, (r) => r.formId !== 'locked');
+
+    expect(normalized.map((r) => [r.formId, r.signingOrder])).toEqual([
+      ['locked', undefined],
+      ['a', undefined],
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+const makeSigners = () => [
+  { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+  { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+  { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+  { formId: 'd', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 4 },
+];
+
+const ordersOf = (signers: Array<{ formId: string; signingOrder?: number }>) =>
+  signers.map((signer) => [signer.formId, signer.signingOrder]);
+
+describe('mergeSteps', () => {
+  it('merges all members of the source step into the target step', () => {
+    const merged = mergeSteps(makeSigners(), 2, 1);
+
+    expect(ordersOf(merged)).toEqual([
+      ['a', 1],
+      ['b', 2],
+      ['c', 2],
+      ['d', 3],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('merges a whole group into another step', () => {
+    const signers = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'd', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+    ];
+
+    const merged = mergeSteps(signers, 1, 2);
+
+    expect(ordersOf(merged)).toEqual([
+      ['a', 1],
+      ['d', 2],
+      ['b', 2],
+      ['c', 2],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns the input unchanged for an invalid step index', () => {
+    const signers = makeSigners();
+
+    expect(mergeSteps(signers, 7, 1)).toEqual(signers);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('moveRecipientToStep', () => {
+  it('appends the recipient to the target step members', () => {
+    const moved = moveRecipientToStep(makeSigners(), 'a', 2);
+
+    expect(ordersOf(moved)).toEqual([
+      ['b', 1],
+      ['c', 2],
+      ['a', 2],
+      ['d', 3],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('dissolves a group of two when one member joins another step', () => {
+    const signers = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+    ];
+
+    const moved = moveRecipientToStep(signers, 'b', 1);
+
+    expect(ordersOf(moved)).toEqual([
+      ['a', 1],
+      ['c', 2],
+      ['b', 2],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('is a no-op when the recipient is already a member of the target step', () => {
+    const signers = makeSigners();
+
+    expect(ordersOf(moveRecipientToStep(signers, 'b', 1))).toEqual(ordersOf(signers));
+  });
+});
+
+describe('extractRecipientToNewStep', () => {
+  it('extracts a group member into its own step at the given gap', () => {
+    const signers = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'd', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+    ];
+
+    // Gap 2 = before the step containing 'd'.
+    const extracted = extractRecipientToNewStep(signers, 'c', 2);
+
+    expect(ordersOf(extracted)).toEqual([
+      ['a', 1],
+      ['b', 2],
+      ['c', 3],
+      ['d', 4],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('extracts to the end for an out-of-bounds gap index', () => {
+    const signers = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+    ];
+
+    const extracted = extractRecipientToNewStep(signers, 'a', 99);
+
+    expect(ordersOf(extracted)).toEqual([
+      ['b', 1],
+      ['c', 2],
+      ['a', 3],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('is a no-op when a solo recipient is dropped into an adjacent gap', () => {
+    const signers = makeSigners();
+
+    expect(ordersOf(extractRecipientToNewStep(signers, 'b', 1))).toEqual(ordersOf(signers));
+    expect(ordersOf(extractRecipientToNewStep(signers, 'b', 2))).toEqual(ordersOf(signers));
+  });
+});
+
+describe('reorderStep', () => {
+  it('moves a whole group to a new position', () => {
+    const signers = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'd', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+    ];
+
+    const reordered = reorderStep(signers, 1, 2);
+
+    expect(ordersOf(reordered)).toEqual([
+      ['a', 1],
+      ['d', 2],
+      ['b', 3],
+      ['c', 3],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('keeps a locked step number anchored while others flow around it', () => {
+    const signers = [
+      { formId: 'locked', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+    ];
+
+    const reordered = reorderStep(signers, 1, 2, (r) => r.formId !== 'locked');
+
+    expect(ordersOf(reordered)).toEqual([
+      ['locked', 1],
+      ['c', 2],
+      ['b', 3],
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('ungroupStep', () => {
+  it('splits a group into consecutive standalone steps preserving relative order', () => {
+    const signers = [
+      { formId: 'a', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      { formId: 'd', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+    ];
+
+    const ungrouped = ungroupStep(signers, 1);
+
+    expect(ordersOf(ungrouped)).toEqual([
+      ['a', 1],
+      ['b', 2],
+      ['c', 3],
+      ['d', 4],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('is a no-op on a step with a single member', () => {
+    const signers = makeSigners();
+
+    expect(ordersOf(ungroupStep(signers, 0))).toEqual(ordersOf(signers));
+  });
+
+  // Splitting a locked step would rewrite persisted orders, so it is refused
+  // rather than attempted.
+  it('is a no-op on a locked step', () => {
+    const signers = [
+      { formId: 'locked', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'peer', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+    ];
+
+    const result = ungroupStep(signers, 0, (r) => r.formId !== 'locked');
+
+    expect(ordersOf(result)).toEqual([
+      ['locked', 1],
+      ['peer', 1],
+      ['c', 2],
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('locked step guards', () => {
+  const withLockedHead = () => [
+    { formId: 'locked', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+    { formId: 'b', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+    { formId: 'c', role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 3 },
+  ];
+
+  const canUpdate = (r: { formId: string }) => r.formId !== 'locked';
+
+  it('reorderStep refuses to move a step into the locked region', () => {
+    const signers = withLockedHead();
+
+    expect(ordersOf(reorderStep(signers, 2, 0, canUpdate))).toEqual(ordersOf(signers));
+  });
+
+  it('reorderStep refuses to move a locked step', () => {
+    const signers = withLockedHead();
+
+    expect(ordersOf(reorderStep(signers, 0, 2, canUpdate))).toEqual(ordersOf(signers));
+  });
+
+  it('extractRecipientToNewStep refuses to insert into the locked region', () => {
+    const signers = withLockedHead();
+
+    expect(ordersOf(extractRecipientToNewStep(signers, 'c', 0, canUpdate))).toEqual(ordersOf(signers));
+  });
+
+  it('mergeSteps refuses to merge into a locked step', () => {
+    const signers = withLockedHead();
+
+    expect(ordersOf(mergeSteps(signers, 2, 0, canUpdate))).toEqual(ordersOf(signers));
+  });
+
+  it('moveRecipientToStep refuses to move a recipient into a locked step', () => {
+    const signers = withLockedHead();
+
+    expect(ordersOf(moveRecipientToStep(signers, 'c', 0, canUpdate))).toEqual(ordersOf(signers));
+  });
+
+  it('still allows reordering entirely within the unlocked tail', () => {
+    const signers = withLockedHead();
+
+    expect(ordersOf(reorderStep(signers, 1, 2, canUpdate))).toEqual([
+      ['locked', 1],
+      ['c', 2],
+      ['b', 3],
+    ]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('flattenRecipientGroups', () => {
+  const recipient = (id: number, signingOrder: number | null, role: RecipientRole = RecipientRole.SIGNER) => ({
+    id,
+    signingOrder,
+    role,
+  });
+
+  it('returns no changes when every signing recipient already has their own step', () => {
+    expect(flattenRecipientGroups([recipient(1, 1), recipient(2, 2)])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  // Sparse but distinct orders are valid; only a shared step needs repairing.
+  it('leaves a valid but sparse sequence alone', () => {
+    expect(flattenRecipientGroups([recipient(1, 1), recipient(2, 5)])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('splits a shared step while preserving relative order', () => {
+    const changes = flattenRecipientGroups([recipient(1, 1), recipient(2, 2), recipient(3, 2)]);
+
+    // Only the second member of the shared step has to move.
+    expect(changes).toEqual([{ id: 3, signingOrder: 3 }]);
+  });
+
+  it('gives every unordered recipient a distinct step', () => {
+    const changes = flattenRecipientGroups([recipient(1, null), recipient(2, null)]);
+
+    expect(changes).toEqual([
+      { id: 1, signingOrder: 1 },
+      { id: 2, signingOrder: 2 },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores CC recipients', () => {
+    expect(flattenRecipientGroups([recipient(1, 1), recipient(2, 1, RecipientRole.CC)])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('does not mutate the input array order', () => {
+    const recipients = [recipient(3, 2), recipient(1, 1), recipient(2, 2)];
+
+    flattenRecipientGroups(recipients);
+
+    expect(recipients.map((r) => r.id)).toEqual([3, 1, 2]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder', () => {
+  const recipient = (
+    id: number,
+    signingOrder: number | null,
+    signingStatus: SigningStatus,
+    role: RecipientRole = RecipientRole.SIGNER,
+  ) => ({ id, signingOrder, signingStatus, role });
+
+  it('allows both members of the active group regardless of member order', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(3, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(4, 3, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(recipients, recipients[1])).toBe(true);
+    expect(isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(recipients, recipients[2])).toBe(true);
+    expect(isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(recipients, recipients[3])).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('blocks later steps until every group member has signed', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, 2, SigningStatus.SIGNED),
+      recipient(3, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(4, 3, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(recipients, recipients[3])).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('treats a rejected recipient in an earlier step as blocking', () => {
+    const recipients = [recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.REJECTED), recipient(2, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED)];
+
+    expect(isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(recipients, recipients[1])).toBe(false);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores CC recipients entirely', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED, RecipientRole.CC),
+      recipient(2, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(recipients, recipients[1])).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('treats recipients without a signing order as a parallel tail group', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, null, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(3, null, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(recipients, recipients[1])).toBe(true);
+    expect(isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder(recipients, recipients[2])).toBe(true);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup', () => {
+  const candidate = (
+    id: number,
+    signingOrder: number | null,
+    signingStatus: SigningStatus = SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED,
+    role: RecipientRole = RecipientRole.SIGNER,
+  ) => ({ id, signingOrder, signingStatus, role });
+
+  it('returns every pending recipient sharing the lowest order', () => {
+    const recipients = [candidate(3, 2), candidate(4, 2), candidate(5, 3)];
+
+    expect(filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup(recipients).map((r) => r.id)).toEqual([3, 4]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns an empty array for no pending recipients', () => {
+    expect(filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup([])).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('excludes recipients that have already signed', () => {
+    const recipients = [candidate(1, 1, SigningStatus.SIGNED), candidate(2, 2)];
+
+    expect(filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup(recipients).map((r) => r.id)).toEqual([2]);
+  });
+
+  // A rejected recipient is not pending: advancing to them would re-activate
+  // and re-email somebody who declined to sign.
+  it('excludes rejected recipients', () => {
+    const recipients = [candidate(1, 1, SigningStatus.REJECTED), candidate(2, 2)];
+
+    expect(filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup(recipients).map((r) => r.id)).toEqual([2]);
+  });
+
+  it('excludes CC recipients', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      candidate(1, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED, RecipientRole.CC),
+      candidate(2, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup(recipients).map((r) => r.id)).toEqual([2]);
+  });
+
+  it('returns an empty array when every recipient is signed or rejected', () => {
+    const recipients = [candidate(1, 1, SigningStatus.SIGNED), candidate(2, 2, SigningStatus.REJECTED)];
+
+    expect(filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup(recipients)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('getNextDictatableRecipient', () => {
+  const recipient = (
+    id: number,
+    signingOrder: number | null,
+    signingStatus: SigningStatus,
+    role: RecipientRole = RecipientRole.SIGNER,
+  ) => ({ id, signingOrder, signingStatus, role });
+
+  it('returns the next recipient when current is last of their step and next step is a single recipient', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(3, 3, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId: 2 })?.id).toBe(3);
+  });
+
+  it('returns null while a group peer is still unsigned', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(3, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId: 1 })).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('returns the next single recipient once all group peers signed', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(3, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId: 2 })?.id).toBe(3);
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when the next step is a group', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(3, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId: 1 })).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when there is no later step, for CC targets, or unknown recipients', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, null, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED, RecipientRole.CC),
+    ];
+
+    expect(getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId: 1 })).toBeNull();
+    expect(getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId: 999 })).toBeNull();
+  });
+
+  // The server picks the next recipient from a pending-only query, so an
+  // already-signed recipient in a later step must be skipped here too —
+  // otherwise the dictated name/email is applied to someone else.
+  it('skips an already-signed recipient sitting in a later step', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, 2, SigningStatus.SIGNED),
+      recipient(3, 3, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    expect(getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId: 1 })?.id).toBe(3);
+  });
+
+  it('ignores signed members when deciding whether the next step is a group', () => {
+    const recipients = [
+      recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+      recipient(2, 2, SigningStatus.SIGNED),
+      recipient(3, 2, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED),
+    ];
+
+    // Only one member of step 2 is still pending, which is what the server would rename.
+    expect(getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId: 1 })?.id).toBe(3);
+  });
+
+  it('returns null when every later recipient has signed', () => {
+    const recipients = [recipient(1, 1, SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED), recipient(2, 2, SigningStatus.SIGNED)];
+
+    expect(getNextDictatableRecipient({ recipients, currentRecipientId: 1 })).toBeNull();
+  });
+});

packages/lib/utils/recipient-groups.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+import type { Recipient } from '@prisma/client';
+import { SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+
+import { isCcRecipient } from './recipients';
+
+/**
+ * A recipient "step" is the set of non-CC recipients sharing a signing order.
+ * A step with 2 or more members is a "signing group": members may act in any
+ * order among themselves, and the next step only unlocks once every member of
+ * the group has completed their action.
+ */
+
+type GroupableRecipient = Pick<Recipient, 'role'> & {
+  signingOrder?: number | null;
+};
+
+export type RecipientStep<T> = {
+  /**
+   * The signing order shared by all members of the step.
+   */
+  order: number;
+  members: T[];
+};
+
+const UNORDERED = Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER;
+
+/**
+ * The signing order to sort and group by, treating "no order" as last.
+ *
+ * Exported so callers outside this module share one definition of the
+ * null-as-last convention rather than restating it.
+ */
+export const effectiveOrder = (recipient: { signingOrder?: number | null }) => recipient.signingOrder ?? UNORDERED;
+
+/**
+ * Derives the ordered list of steps from a list of recipients.
+ *
+ * - Non-CC recipients sharing a signing order form one step.
+ * - Recipients without a signing order share a single tail step.
+ * - CC recipients are returned separately and never belong to a step.
+ */
+export const groupRecipientsBySigningOrder = <T extends GroupableRecipient>(recipients: T[]) => {
+  const ccRecipients = recipients.filter((recipient) => isCcRecipient(recipient));
+  const nonCcRecipients = recipients.filter((recipient) => !isCcRecipient(recipient));
+
+  const membersByOrder = new Map<number, T[]>();
+
+  for (const recipient of nonCcRecipients) {
+    const order = effectiveOrder(recipient);
+    const members = membersByOrder.get(order) ?? [];
+
+    members.push(recipient);
+    membersByOrder.set(order, members);
+  }
+
+  const steps: RecipientStep<T>[] = [...membersByOrder.entries()]
+    .sort(([orderA], [orderB]) => orderA - orderB)
+    .map(([order, members]) => ({ order, members }));
+
+  return { steps, ccRecipients };
+};
+
+/**
+ * Index of the last step containing a recipient that can no longer be modified,
+ * or -1 when there is none.
+ *
+ * Signing is sequential, so anyone who has already acted sits at or before the
+ * current step. Everything up to and including that step is therefore treated
+ * as locked: those signing orders are persisted values the server will not let
+ * us rewrite. Steps after it can only hold recipients who have not acted, so
+ * they can be renumbered and reordered freely — no anchoring required.
+ *
+ * Stated as "up to and including the last locked step" rather than "the locked
+ * prefix" deliberately: a locked recipient can appear out of sequence (direct
+ * templates sign at their template order, field insertion has no turn check,
+ * and a document can be switched from parallel to sequential mid-flight). This
+ * form stays correct in those cases, just more conservative.
+ */
+export const getLastLockedStepIndex = <T extends GroupableRecipient>(
+  steps: RecipientStep<T>[],
+  canUpdateRecipient: (recipient: T) => boolean = () => true,
+): number =>
+  steps.reduce(
+    (lastIndex, step, index) => (step.members.some((member) => !canUpdateRecipient(member)) ? index : lastIndex),
+    -1,
+  );
+
+/**
+ * Dense-renumbers steps to 1..K while preserving groups (duplicate orders).
+ *
+ * Steps containing a locked recipient (per `canUpdateRecipient`) keep the
+ * locked recipient's persisted order, and editable steps never collide into a
+ * locked step's number.
+ *
+ * CC recipients get an undefined signing order and move to the tail. The
+ * returned array is re-ordered by step sequence.
+ */
+export const normalizeGroupedSigningOrders = <T extends GroupableRecipient>(
+  recipients: T[],
+  canUpdateRecipient: (recipient: T) => boolean = () => true,
+): Array<T & { signingOrder?: number }> => {
+  const { steps, ccRecipients } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+  const lastLockedStepIndex = getLastLockedStepIndex(steps, canUpdateRecipient);
+
+  let nextOrder = 1;
+
+  const normalizedSteps = steps.map((step, index) => {
+    // Locked steps hold persisted orders. Keep them exactly as they are, even
+    // when sparse — renumbering them is what the server refuses.
+    if (index <= lastLockedStepIndex) {
+      const order = step.order === UNORDERED ? undefined : step.order;
+
+      if (order !== undefined) {
+        nextOrder = Math.max(nextOrder, order + 1);
+      }
+
+      return { order, members: step.members };
+    }
+
+    const order = nextOrder;
+
+    nextOrder += 1;
+
+    return { order, members: step.members };
+  });
+
+  return [
+    ...normalizedSteps.flatMap((step) => step.members.map((member) => ({ ...member, signingOrder: step.order }))),
+    ...ccRecipients.map((recipient) => ({ ...recipient, signingOrder: undefined })),
+  ];
+};
+
+type EditorRecipient = GroupableRecipient & { formId: string };
+
+/**
+ * Merges all members of the source step into the target step.
+ */
+export const mergeSteps = <T extends EditorRecipient>(
+  recipients: T[],
+  sourceStepIndex: number,
+  targetStepIndex: number,
+  canUpdateRecipient?: (recipient: T) => boolean,
+): Array<T & { signingOrder?: number }> => {
+  const { steps } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+  const sourceStep = steps[sourceStepIndex];
+  const targetStep = steps[targetStepIndex];
+  const lastLockedStepIndex = getLastLockedStepIndex(steps, canUpdateRecipient);
+
+  if (
+    !sourceStep ||
+    !targetStep ||
+    sourceStepIndex === targetStepIndex ||
+    sourceStepIndex <= lastLockedStepIndex ||
+    targetStepIndex <= lastLockedStepIndex
+  ) {
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, canUpdateRecipient);
+  }
+
+  const sourceFormIds = new Set(sourceStep.members.map((member) => member.formId));
+
+  // Source members join after the target step's existing members.
+  const remaining = recipients.filter((recipient) => !sourceFormIds.has(recipient.formId));
+  const lastMemberFormId = targetStep.members[targetStep.members.length - 1].formId;
+  const insertAfterIndex = remaining.findIndex((recipient) => recipient.formId === lastMemberFormId);
+
+  const movedMembers = sourceStep.members.map((member) => ({ ...member, signingOrder: targetStep.order }));
+
+  const updated = [
+    ...remaining.slice(0, insertAfterIndex + 1),
+    ...movedMembers,
+    ...remaining.slice(insertAfterIndex + 1),
+  ];
+
+  return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(updated, canUpdateRecipient);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Moves a single recipient into the target step (joins the group).
+ */
+export const moveRecipientToStep = <T extends EditorRecipient>(
+  recipients: T[],
+  formId: string,
+  targetStepIndex: number,
+  canUpdateRecipient?: (recipient: T) => boolean,
+): Array<T & { signingOrder?: number }> => {
+  const { steps } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+  const targetStep = steps[targetStepIndex];
+  const mover = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.formId === formId);
+  const lastLockedStepIndex = getLastLockedStepIndex(steps, canUpdateRecipient);
+  const moverStepIndex = steps.findIndex((step) => step.members.some((member) => member.formId === formId));
+
+  if (!targetStep || !mover || isCcRecipient(mover)) {
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, canUpdateRecipient);
+  }
+
+  // Neither the recipient nor the destination may sit in the locked region.
+  if (targetStepIndex <= lastLockedStepIndex || moverStepIndex <= lastLockedStepIndex) {
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, canUpdateRecipient);
+  }
+
+  if (targetStep.members.some((member) => member.formId === formId)) {
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, canUpdateRecipient);
+  }
+
+  const remaining = recipients.filter((recipient) => recipient.formId !== formId);
+  const lastMemberFormId = targetStep.members[targetStep.members.length - 1].formId;
+  const insertAfterIndex = remaining.findIndex((recipient) => recipient.formId === lastMemberFormId);
+
+  const updated = [
+    ...remaining.slice(0, insertAfterIndex + 1),
+    { ...mover, signingOrder: targetStep.order },
+    ...remaining.slice(insertAfterIndex + 1),
+  ];
+
+  return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(updated, canUpdateRecipient);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Extracts a recipient into its own standalone step at the given gap position
+ * (gap N sits before step N; an out-of-bounds gap appends to the end).
+ */
+export const extractRecipientToNewStep = <T extends EditorRecipient>(
+  recipients: T[],
+  formId: string,
+  insertStepIndex: number,
+  canUpdateRecipient?: (recipient: T) => boolean,
+): Array<T & { signingOrder?: number }> => {
+  const { steps } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+  const mover = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.formId === formId);
+
+  if (!mover || isCcRecipient(mover)) {
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, canUpdateRecipient);
+  }
+
+  const currentStepIndex = steps.findIndex((step) => step.members.some((member) => member.formId === formId));
+  const isSoloStep = currentStepIndex !== -1 && steps[currentStepIndex].members.length === 1;
+  const lastLockedStepIndex = getLastLockedStepIndex(steps, canUpdateRecipient);
+
+  // Dropping a solo step into the gap directly above or below itself is a no-op.
+  if (isSoloStep && (insertStepIndex === currentStepIndex || insertStepIndex === currentStepIndex + 1)) {
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, canUpdateRecipient);
+  }
+
+  // Gap N sits before step N, so inserting at or before the last locked step
+  // would land the recipient inside the locked region.
+  if (insertStepIndex <= lastLockedStepIndex || currentStepIndex <= lastLockedStepIndex) {
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, canUpdateRecipient);
+  }
+
+  const insertOrder =
+    insertStepIndex >= steps.length ? (steps[steps.length - 1]?.order ?? 0) + 1 : steps[insertStepIndex].order - 0.5;
+
+  const updated = recipients.map((recipient) =>
+    recipient.formId === formId ? { ...recipient, signingOrder: insertOrder } : recipient,
+  );
+
+  return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(updated, canUpdateRecipient);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Moves a whole step (group) to a new position in the step sequence.
+ *
+ * Refused when either end sits in the locked region (see
+ * `getLastLockedStepIndex`); only the unlocked tail can be rearranged.
+ */
+export const reorderStep = <T extends EditorRecipient>(
+  recipients: T[],
+  fromStepIndex: number,
+  toStepIndex: number,
+  canUpdateRecipient: (recipient: T) => boolean = () => true,
+): Array<T & { signingOrder?: number }> => {
+  const { steps, ccRecipients } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+  const lastLockedStepIndex = getLastLockedStepIndex(steps, canUpdateRecipient);
+
+  if (
+    !steps[fromStepIndex] ||
+    fromStepIndex === toStepIndex ||
+    fromStepIndex <= lastLockedStepIndex ||
+    toStepIndex <= lastLockedStepIndex
+  ) {
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, canUpdateRecipient);
+  }
+
+  const reorderedSteps = [...steps];
+  const [movedStep] = reorderedSteps.splice(fromStepIndex, 1);
+
+  reorderedSteps.splice(Math.min(toStepIndex, reorderedSteps.length), 0, movedStep);
+
+  // Locked steps cannot be the source or destination, so they keep both their
+  // position and their persisted order. The moved tail is numbered above the
+  // highest locked order so it still sorts after them.
+  const highestLockedOrder = reorderedSteps
+    .slice(0, lastLockedStepIndex + 1)
+    .reduce((highest, step) => (step.order === UNORDERED ? highest : Math.max(highest, step.order)), 0);
+
+  const updated = [
+    ...reorderedSteps.flatMap((step, index) => {
+      if (index <= lastLockedStepIndex) {
+        return step.members;
+      }
+
+      const order = highestLockedOrder + (index - lastLockedStepIndex);
+
+      return step.members.map((member) => ({ ...member, signingOrder: order }));
+    }),
+    ...ccRecipients,
+  ];
+
+  return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(updated, canUpdateRecipient);
+};
+
+/**
+ * The signing order changes needed to give every signing recipient a step of
+ * their own, or an empty array when none share one.
+ *
+ * Used to repair an envelope that must not contain signing groups (AES/QES).
+ * Recipients keep their relative sequence — ordered by signing order, ties
+ * broken by id, matching how the server sorts them everywhere else — and are
+ * renumbered densely from 1. Orders are only rewritten when a step is actually
+ * shared, so a valid-but-sparse sequence is left alone.
+ *
+ * CC recipients are excluded: they never sign and carry no step.
+ */
+export const flattenRecipientGroups = <T extends Pick<Recipient, 'id' | 'role'> & { signingOrder?: number | null }>(
+  recipients: T[],
+): Array<{ id: number; signingOrder: number }> => {
+  const signingRecipients = recipients
+    .filter((recipient) => !isCcRecipient(recipient))
+    .sort((a, b) => effectiveOrder(a) - effectiveOrder(b) || a.id - b.id);
+
+  const sharesAStep = new Set(signingRecipients.map(effectiveOrder)).size !== signingRecipients.length;
+
+  if (!sharesAStep) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const changes: Array<{ id: number; signingOrder: number }> = [];
+
+  signingRecipients.forEach((recipient, index) => {
+    const signingOrder = index + 1;
+
+    if (recipient.signingOrder !== signingOrder) {
+      changes.push({ id: recipient.id, signingOrder });
+    }
+  });
+
+  return changes;
+};
+
+type SignableRecipient = Pick<Recipient, 'role' | 'signingStatus'> & {
+  signingOrder?: number | null;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Whether it is the recipient's turn to act under SEQUENTIAL signing.
+ *
+ * A recipient may act iff no non-CC recipient with a strictly lower signing
+ * order is still unsigned (rejected counts as unsigned/blocking). Recipients
+ * sharing a signing order never block each other.
+ *
+ * Callers are responsible for checking the document is in SEQUENTIAL mode.
+ */
+export const isRecipientTurnBySigningOrder = <T extends SignableRecipient>(
+  recipients: T[],
+  currentRecipient: { signingOrder?: number | null },
+): boolean => {
+  const currentOrder = effectiveOrder(currentRecipient);
+
+  return !recipients.some(
+    (recipient) =>
+      !isCcRecipient(recipient) &&
+      recipient.signingStatus !== SigningStatus.SIGNED &&
+      effectiveOrder(recipient) < currentOrder,
+  );
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns every pending recipient sharing the lowest pending signing order —
+ * the "active group".
+ *
+ * Pass the full recipient list: filtering happens here so every caller agrees
+ * on what "pending" means. A recipient is pending when they are not a CC and
+ * have not signed OR rejected — advancing to a rejected recipient would
+ * re-activate and re-email somebody who declined to sign.
+ */
+export const filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup = <T extends SignableRecipient>(recipients: T[]): T[] => {
+  const pendingRecipients = recipients.filter(
+    (recipient) => !isCcRecipient(recipient) && recipient.signingStatus === SigningStatus.NOT_SIGNED,
+  );
+
+  if (pendingRecipients.length === 0) {
+    return [];
+  }
+
+  const minOrder = Math.min(...pendingRecipients.map((recipient) => effectiveOrder(recipient)));
+
+  return pendingRecipients.filter((recipient) => effectiveOrder(recipient) === minOrder);
+};
+
+/**
+ * The single recipient that the current recipient may dictate (rename) on
+ * completion, or null when dictation does not apply:
+ *
+ * - the current recipient must be the last unsigned member of their step, and
+ * - the next step must contain exactly one recipient.
+ */
+export const getNextDictatableRecipient = <T extends SignableRecipient & Pick<Recipient, 'id'>>({
+  recipients,
+  currentRecipientId,
+}: {
+  recipients: T[];
+  currentRecipientId: number;
+}): T | null => {
+  const currentRecipient = recipients.find((recipient) => recipient.id === currentRecipientId);
+
+  if (!currentRecipient || isCcRecipient(currentRecipient)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  const currentOrder = effectiveOrder(currentRecipient);
+
+  const hasUnsignedPeers = recipients.some(
+    (recipient) =>
+      recipient.id !== currentRecipientId &&
+      !isCcRecipient(recipient) &&
+      effectiveOrder(recipient) === currentOrder &&
+      recipient.signingStatus !== SigningStatus.SIGNED,
+  );
+
+  if (hasUnsignedPeers) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  // Only the step matters here; `filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup` drops
+  // CCs and anyone who has already signed or rejected.
+  const laterRecipients = recipients.filter((recipient) => effectiveOrder(recipient) > currentOrder);
+
+  const nextStep = filterRecipientsInFirstSigningGroup(laterRecipients);
+
+  if (nextStep.length !== 1) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  return nextStep[0];
+};
+
+/**
+ * Dissolves a group into consecutive standalone steps preserving relative order.
+ */
+export const ungroupStep = <T extends EditorRecipient>(
+  recipients: T[],
+  stepIndex: number,
+  canUpdateRecipient?: (recipient: T) => boolean,
+): Array<T & { signingOrder?: number }> => {
+  const { steps } = groupRecipientsBySigningOrder(recipients);
+
+  const step = steps[stepIndex];
+
+  // Splitting a locked step would rewrite persisted orders.
+  if (!step || step.members.length < 2 || stepIndex <= getLastLockedStepIndex(steps, canUpdateRecipient)) {
+    return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(recipients, canUpdateRecipient);
+  }
+
+  const offsetByFormId = new Map(step.members.map((member, index) => [member.formId, index]));
+
+  const updated = recipients.map((recipient) => {
+    const offset = offsetByFormId.get(recipient.formId);
+
+    if (offset === undefined) {
+      return recipient;
+    }
+
+    return { ...recipient, signingOrder: step.order + offset / (step.members.length + 1) };
+  });
+
+  return normalizeGroupedSigningOrders(updated, canUpdateRecipient);
+};

packages/lib/utils/recipients.test.ts

@@ -51,6 +51,24 @@ describe('recipient signing order helpers', () => {
     ]);
   });
 
+  it('detects an assistant anywhere in the last signing step (groups)', () => {
+    expect(
+      isAssistantLastSigner([
+        { role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+        { role: RecipientRole.ASSISTANT, signingOrder: 2 },
+        { role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      ]),
+    ).toBe(true);
+
+    expect(
+      isAssistantLastSigner([
+        { role: RecipientRole.ASSISTANT, signingOrder: 1 },
+        { role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 1 },
+        { role: RecipientRole.SIGNER, signingOrder: 2 },
+      ]),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+
   it('checks whether the last non-CC recipient is an assistant', () => {
     expect(
       isAssistantLastSigner([

packages/lib/utils/recipients.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 import { isSignatureFieldType } from '@documenso/prisma/guards/is-signature-field';
-import type { Envelope, Field, Recipient } from '@prisma/client';
+import type { Envelope, Field, Prisma, Recipient } from '@prisma/client';
-import { RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
+import { EnvelopeType, RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
 
 import { NEXT_PUBLIC_WEBAPP_URL } from '../constants/app';
 import { AppError, AppErrorCode } from '../errors/app-error';
+import type { TEditorEnvelope } from '../types/envelope-editor';
 import type { TRecipientLite } from '../types/recipient';
 import { extractLegacyIds } from '../universal/id';
 import { zEmail } from './zod';
@@ -22,11 +23,100 @@ export const isCcRecipient = (recipient: Pick<Recipient, 'role'>) => {
   return recipient.role === RecipientRole.CC;
 };
 
-export const isAssistantLastSigner = (recipients: Pick<Recipient, 'role'>[]) => {
+/**
+ * Whether an assistant sits in the last signing step (nobody after them to assist).
+ *
+ * Falls back to a positional check when no recipient carries a signing order.
+ */
+export const isAssistantLastSigner = (
+  recipients: Array<Pick<Recipient, 'role'> & { signingOrder?: number | null }>,
+) => {
   const nonCcRecipients = recipients.filter((recipient) => !isCcRecipient(recipient));
-  const lastNonCcRecipient = nonCcRecipients[nonCcRecipients.length - 1];
 
-  return lastNonCcRecipient?.role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT;
+  if (nonCcRecipients.length === 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const hasAnySigningOrder = nonCcRecipients.some((recipient) => typeof recipient.signingOrder === 'number');
+
+  if (!hasAnySigningOrder) {
+    return nonCcRecipients[nonCcRecipients.length - 1]?.role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT;
+  }
+
+  const maxOrder = Math.max(...nonCcRecipients.map((recipient) => recipient.signingOrder ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER));
+
+  return nonCcRecipients.some(
+    (recipient) =>
+      (recipient.signingOrder ?? Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER) === maxOrder && recipient.role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT,
+  );
+};
+
+/**
+ * Prisma `where` input matching recipients in strictly LATER signing steps
+ * than the assistant, under the null-as-last convention shared with
+ * `effectiveOrder`: a missing signing order means the LAST step.
+ *
+ * - An assistant with a numeric order reaches recipients with a greater
+ *   numeric order, plus null-order recipients (the tail step).
+ * - A null-order assistant sits in the last step themselves: nobody comes
+ *   after them, so this matches nothing.
+ *
+ * The historical inline filters used `signingOrder ?? 0`, which encoded
+ * "null = first" — hiding tail-step recipients from ordered assistants and
+ * letting a null-order assistant reach every ordered (earlier) recipient.
+ *
+ * Deliberately applied regardless of the document's signing order mode:
+ * restricting assistants by step on PARALLEL documents mirrors the
+ * historical behavior and fails closed. Whether parallel documents should
+ * lift the restriction entirely is an open product decision.
+ */
+export const getLaterSigningStepRecipientsWhereInput = (
+  assistant: Pick<Recipient, 'signingOrder'>,
+): Prisma.RecipientWhereInput => {
+  if (assistant.signingOrder === null) {
+    // Matches nothing.
+    return { id: { in: [] } };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    OR: [{ signingOrder: { gt: assistant.signingOrder } }, { signingOrder: null }],
+  };
+};
+
+/**
+ * Prisma `where` input matching every recipient an assistant may act for:
+ * themself, plus recipients in strictly later steps — never their own group
+ * peers.
+ */
+export const getAssistableRecipientsWhereInput = (
+  assistant: Pick<Recipient, 'id' | 'signingOrder'>,
+): Prisma.RecipientWhereInput => ({
+  OR: [{ id: assistant.id }, getLaterSigningStepRecipientsWhereInput(assistant)],
+});
+
+/**
+ * Prisma `where` input matching the recipients whose fields the token holder
+ * may act on: non-assistants may only act on their own fields, while
+ * assistants may also act on fields of unsigned recipients in strictly later
+ * steps.
+ *
+ * Shared by every field-level endpoint (sign / uninsert, V1 and V2) so the
+ * scoping rule cannot drift between them.
+ */
+export const getFieldOwnerWhereInput = (
+  recipient: Pick<Recipient, 'id' | 'role' | 'signingOrder' | 'envelopeId'>,
+): Prisma.RecipientWhereInput => {
+  if (recipient.role !== RecipientRole.ASSISTANT) {
+    return { id: recipient.id };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    signingStatus: {
+      not: SigningStatus.SIGNED,
+    },
+    envelopeId: recipient.envelopeId,
+    AND: [getAssistableRecipientsWhereInput(recipient)],
+  };
 };
 
 export const sortRecipientsForSigningOrder = <T extends RecipientWithSigningOrder>(recipients: T[]): T[] => {
@@ -120,6 +210,36 @@ export const canRecipientBeModified = (
   return true;
 };
 
+/**
+ * Editor-level wrapper around `canRecipientBeModified`.
+ *
+ * Template recipients and unsaved (id-less) recipients can always be modified.
+ */
+export const canEditorRecipientBeModified = (
+  envelope: Pick<TEditorEnvelope, 'type' | 'recipients' | 'fields'>,
+  recipientId?: number,
+) => {
+  if (envelope.type === EnvelopeType.TEMPLATE) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (recipientId === undefined) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const recipient = envelope.recipients.find((r) => r.id === recipientId);
+
+  // The envelope lags behind the form: a recipient the editor has just created
+  // is not in it yet. Such a recipient cannot have acted on the document, so
+  // treat an unknown id as modifiable — reporting it as locked would freeze
+  // reordering for a document nobody has signed.
+  if (!recipient) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return canRecipientBeModified(recipient, envelope.fields);
+};
+
 /**
  * Whether a recipient can have their fields modified by the document owner.
  *

packages/trpc/server/embedding-router/create-embedding-document.types.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   ZFieldWidthSchema,
 } from '@documenso/lib/types/field';
 import { ZFieldAndMetaSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/field-meta';
+import { ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { zEmail } from '@documenso/lib/utils/zod';
 import { RecipientRole } from '@documenso/prisma/client';
 import { DocumentSigningOrder } from '@documenso/prisma/generated/types';
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ export const ZCreateEmbeddingDocumentRequestSchema = z.object({
       email: zEmail(),
       name: z.string(),
       role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole),
-      signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+      signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
       // We have an any cast so any changes here you need to update it in the embeding document edit page
       // Search: "map<any>" to find it
       fields: ZFieldAndMetaSchema.and(

packages/trpc/server/embedding-router/create-embedding-template.types.ts

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import {
   ZFieldWidthSchema,
 } from '@documenso/lib/types/field';
 import { ZFieldAndMetaSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/field-meta';
-import { ZRecipientEmailSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
+import { ZRecipientEmailSchema, ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { DocumentSigningOrder, RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ export const ZCreateEmbeddingTemplateRequestSchema = z.object({
       email: ZRecipientEmailSchema,
       name: z.string(),
       role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole),
-      signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+      signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
       // We have an any cast so any changes here you need to update it in the embeding document edit page
       // Search: "map<any>" to find it
       fields: ZFieldAndMetaSchema.and(

packages/trpc/server/embedding-router/update-embedding-document.types.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import {
   ZFieldWidthSchema,
 } from '@documenso/lib/types/field';
 import { ZFieldAndMetaSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/field-meta';
+import { ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { zEmail } from '@documenso/lib/utils/zod';
 import { DocumentSigningOrder, RecipientRole } from '@documenso/prisma/generated/types';
 import { z } from 'zod';
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ export const ZUpdateEmbeddingDocumentRequestSchema = z.object({
       email: zEmail(),
       name: z.string(),
       role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole),
-      signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+      signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
       // We have an any cast so any changes here you need to update it in the embeding document edit page
       // Search: "map<any>" to find it
       fields: ZFieldAndMetaSchema.and(

packages/trpc/server/embedding-router/update-embedding-template.types.ts

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import {
   ZFieldWidthSchema,
 } from '@documenso/lib/types/field';
 import { ZFieldAndMetaSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/field-meta';
-import { ZRecipientEmailSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
+import { ZRecipientEmailSchema, ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { DocumentSigningOrder, RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ export const ZUpdateEmbeddingTemplateRequestSchema = z.object({
       email: ZRecipientEmailSchema,
       name: z.string(),
       role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole),
-      signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+      signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
       // We have an any cast so any changes here you need to update it in the embeding document edit page
       // Search: "map<any>" to find it
       fields: ZFieldAndMetaSchema.and(

packages/trpc/server/envelope-router/envelope-recipients/create-envelope-recipients.types.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { ZRecipientAccessAuthTypesSchema, ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-auth';
-import { ZEnvelopeRecipientLiteSchema, ZRecipientEmailSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
+import {
+  ZEnvelopeRecipientLiteSchema,
+  ZRecipientEmailSchema,
+  ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema,
+} from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
@@ -19,7 +23,7 @@ export const ZCreateEnvelopeRecipientSchema = z.object({
   email: ZRecipientEmailSchema,
   name: z.string().max(255),
   role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole),
-  signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+  signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
   accessAuth: z.array(ZRecipientAccessAuthTypesSchema).default([]).optional(),
   actionAuth: z.array(ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema).default([]).optional(),
 });

packages/trpc/server/envelope-router/envelope-recipients/update-envelope-recipients.types.ts

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 import { ZRecipientAccessAuthTypesSchema, ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-auth';
-import { ZRecipientEmailSchema, ZRecipientLiteSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
+import {
+  ZRecipientEmailSchema,
+  ZRecipientLiteSchema,
+  ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema,
+} from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
@@ -20,7 +24,7 @@ export const ZUpdateEnvelopeRecipientSchema = z.object({
   email: ZRecipientEmailSchema.optional(),
   name: z.string().max(255).optional(),
   role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole).optional(),
-  signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+  signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
   accessAuth: z.array(ZRecipientAccessAuthTypesSchema).default([]).optional(),
   actionAuth: z.array(ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema).default([]).optional(),
 });

packages/trpc/server/envelope-router/set-envelope-recipients.types.ts

@@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
 import { ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-auth';
-import { ZRecipientEmailSchema, ZRecipientLiteSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
+import {
+  ZRecipientEmailSchema,
+  ZRecipientLiteSchema,
+  ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema,
+} from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { EnvelopeType, RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 export const ZSetEnvelopeRecipientSchema = z.object({
   id: z.number().optional(),
+  clientId: z
+    .string()
+    .optional()
+    .describe('A temporary ID echoed back on the response so newly created recipients can be reconciled'),
   email: ZRecipientEmailSchema,
   name: z.string().max(255),
   role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole),
-  signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+  signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
   actionAuth: z.array(ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema).optional().default([]),
 });
 
@@ -22,7 +30,11 @@ export const ZSetEnvelopeRecipientsResponseSchema = z.object({
   data: ZRecipientLiteSchema.omit({
     documentId: true,
     templateId: true,
-  }).array(),
+  })
+    .extend({
+      clientId: z.string().nullish(),
+    })
+    .array(),
 });
 
 export type TSetEnvelopeRecipientsRequest = z.infer<typeof ZSetEnvelopeRecipientsRequestSchema>;

packages/trpc/server/envelope-router/sign-envelope-field.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { validateFieldAuth } from '@documenso/lib/server-only/document/validate-
 import { DOCUMENT_AUDIT_LOG_TYPE } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-audit-logs';
 import { createDocumentAuditLogData } from '@documenso/lib/utils/document-audit-logs';
 import { extractFieldInsertionValues } from '@documenso/lib/utils/envelope-signing';
-import { assertRecipientNotExpired } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipients';
+import { assertRecipientNotExpired, getFieldOwnerWhereInput } from '@documenso/lib/utils/recipients';
 import { prisma } from '@documenso/prisma';
 import { DocumentStatus, FieldType, RecipientRole, SigningStatus } from '@prisma/client';
 import { match } from 'ts-pattern';
@@ -39,20 +39,7 @@ export const signEnvelopeFieldRoute = procedure
     const field = await prisma.field.findFirst({
       where: {
         id: fieldId,
-        recipient:
+        recipient: getFieldOwnerWhereInput(recipient),
-          recipient.role === RecipientRole.ASSISTANT
-            ? {
-                signingStatus: {
-                  not: SigningStatus.SIGNED,
-                },
-                signingOrder: {
-                  gte: recipient.signingOrder ?? 0,
-                },
-                envelopeId: recipient.envelopeId,
-              }
-            : {
-                id: recipient.id,
-              },
       },
       include: {
         envelope: {

packages/trpc/server/envelope-router/use-envelope.types.ts

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import {
 } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-meta';
 import { ZEnvelopeAttachmentTypeSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/envelope-attachment';
 import { ZFieldMetaPrefillFieldsSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/field-meta';
-import { ZRecipientEmailSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
+import { ZRecipientEmailSchema, ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 import { zfd } from 'zod-form-data';
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ export const ZUseEnvelopePayloadSchema = z.object({
         id: z.number().describe('The ID of the recipient in the template.'),
         email: ZRecipientEmailSchema,
         name: z.string().max(255).optional(),
-        signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+        signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
       }),
     )
     .describe('The information of the recipients to create the document with.')

packages/trpc/server/recipient-router/schema.ts

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
   ZRecipientActionAuthSchema,
   ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema,
 } from '@documenso/lib/types/document-auth';
-import { ZRecipientLiteSchema, ZRecipientSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
+import { ZRecipientLiteSchema, ZRecipientSchema, ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema } from '@documenso/lib/types/recipient';
 import { zEmail } from '@documenso/lib/utils/zod';
 import { RecipientRole } from '@prisma/client';
 import { z } from 'zod';
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ export const ZCreateRecipientSchema = z.object({
   email: zEmail().toLowerCase().min(1).max(254),
   name: z.string().max(255),
   role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole),
-  signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+  signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
   accessAuth: z.array(ZRecipientAccessAuthTypesSchema).default([]).optional(),
   actionAuth: z.array(ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema).default([]).optional(),
 });
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export const ZUpdateRecipientSchema = z.object({
   email: zEmail().toLowerCase().min(1).max(254).optional(),
   name: z.string().max(255).optional(),
   role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole).optional(),
-  signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+  signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
   accessAuth: z.array(ZRecipientAccessAuthTypesSchema).default([]).optional(),
   actionAuth: z.array(ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema).default([]).optional(),
 });
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ export const ZSetDocumentRecipientsRequestSchema = z.object({
       email: zEmail().toLowerCase().min(1).max(254),
       name: z.string().max(255),
       role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole),
-      signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+      signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
       actionAuth: z.array(ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema).optional().default([]),
     }),
   ),
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ export const ZSetTemplateRecipientsRequestSchema = z.object({
         ),
       name: z.string(),
       role: z.nativeEnum(RecipientRole),
-      signingOrder: z.number().optional(),
+      signingOrder: ZRecipientSigningOrderSchema.optional(),
       actionAuth: z.array(ZRecipientActionAuthTypesSchema).optional().default([]),
     }),
   ),